Scalable Slot-Die Coating of Passivation Layers for Improved Performance of Perovskite Solar Cell Modules
Yanqing Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxi Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Min Hu
School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Micro-Nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wan
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
Search for more papers by this authorWenchao Huang
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorJingyuan Chu
China Triumph International Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200063 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuying Hao
College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
Search for more papers by this authorYi-Bing Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandr N. Simonov
School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jianfeng Lu
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYanqing Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxi Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Min Hu
School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Micro-Nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLi Wan
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
Search for more papers by this authorWenchao Huang
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorJingyuan Chu
China Triumph International Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200063 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuying Hao
College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
Search for more papers by this authorYi-Bing Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandr N. Simonov
School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jianfeng Lu
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Upscaling the perovskite solar cell (PSC) while avoiding losses in the power conversion efficiency presents a substantial challenge, especially when transitioning from ≤1 cm2 cells to ≥10 cm2 modules. In addition to the fabrication of key functional layers, scalable technologies for surface passivation, considered indispensable for achieving high-performance PSCs, are urgently required. However, studies on this topic remain limited. In this study, an industry-ready slot-die coating method for the effective passivation of perovskite films as a practical alternative is developed to the spin-coating procedures commonly used in research. The coating conditions and molecular structure of the passivation agent are systematically optimized to achieve high-quality film morphology and substantially suppress interface recombination. 2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-phenylammonium bromide exhibited the best results, improving the open-circuit voltage of cells and subcells in a module by 80 ± 4 and 72 ± 10 mV, respectively. Correspondingly, the larger-area (active area: 10 cm2) modules sustained the highest efficiency of 21.9% under simulated 1-sun irradiation. The encapsulated devices retained 94% of their initial performances after 750 h of continuous operation. The proposed surface-passivation slot-die technology is compatible with high-throughput processes and is employable for large-scale PSC fabrication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| smtd202401244-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx25.8 MB | Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1 NREL. Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed: September 2024).
- 2Q. Zhou, X. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Zhu, J. Lu, Z. Chen, C. Li, J. Wang, Q. Xue, F. He, J. Liang, H. Li, S. Wang, Q. Tai, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, C. Zuo, L. Ding, Z. Xiong, R. Zheng, H. Zhang, P. Zhao, X. Jin, P. Wu, F. Zhang, Y. Jiang, H. Zhou, J. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Song, et al., Mater. Futures 2024, 3, 022102.
- 3Q. Jiang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Chu, Q. Ye, X. Li, Z. Yin, J. You, Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 460.
- 4D. Luo, R. Su, W. Zhang, Q. Gong, R. Zhu, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 44.
- 5N.-G. Park, K. Zhu, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 333.
- 6Z. Dai, S. K. Yadavalli, M. Chen, A. Abbaspourtamijani, Y. Qi, N. P. Padture, Science 2021, 372, 618.
- 7Q. Yang, X. Liu, S. Yu, Z. Feng, L. Liang, W. Qin, Y. Wang, X. Hu, S. Chen, Z. Feng, G. Hou, K. Wu, X. Guo, C. Li, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 6536.
- 8T. Xu, W. Xiang, J. Yang, D. J. Kubicki, W. Tress, T. Chen, Z. Fang, Y. Liu, S. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2303346.
- 9N. K. Noel, A. Abate, S. D. Stranks, E. S. Parrott, V. M. Burlakov, A. Goriely, H. J. Snaith, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 9815.
- 10Q. Cao, J. Yang, T. Wang, Y. Li, X. Pu, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, H. Zhou, X. Li, X. Li, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 5406.
- 11C. Li, X. Wang, E. Bi, F. Jiang, S. M. Park, Y. Li, L. Chen, Z. Wang, L. Zeng, H. Chen, Y. Liu, C. R. Grice, A. Abudulimu, J. Chung, Y. Xian, T. Zhu, H. Lai, B. Chen, R. J. Ellingson, F. Fu, D. S. Ginger, Z. Song, E. H. Sargent, Y. Yan, Science 2023, 379, 690.
- 12Y. Wang, J. Song, J. Ye, Y. Jin, X. Yin, Z. Su, L. Hu, Y. Wu, C. Qiu, H. Wang, W. Yan, Z. Li, Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 6580.
- 13H. Zhang, L. Pfeifer, S. M. Zakeeruddin, J. Chu, M. Grätzel, Nat. Rev. Chem. 2023, 7, 632.
- 14C. Dong, D. Liu, A. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Song, L. Hu, X. Li, L. Xu, L. Wang, C. Chen, J. Tang, Nano Energy 2024, 120, 109159.
- 15S. Yang, S. Chen, E. Mosconi, Y. Fang, X. Xiao, C. Wang, Y. Zhou, Z. Yu, J. Zhao, Y. Gao, F. De Angelis, J. Huang, Science 2019, 365, 473.
- 16Q. Jiang, J. Tong, Y. Xian, R. A. Kerner, S. P. Dunfield, C. Xiao, R. A. Scheidt, D. Kuciauskas, X. Wang, M. P. Hautzinger, R. Tirawat, M. C. Beard, D. P. Fenning, J. J. Berry, B. W. Larson, Y. Yan, K. Zhu, Nature 2022, 611, 278.
- 17Z. Zhang, Y. Gao, Z. Li, L. Qiao, Q. Xiong, L. Deng, Z. Zhang, R. Long, Q. Zhou, Y. Du, Z. Lan, Y. Zhao, C. Li, K. Müllen, P. Gao, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2008405.
- 18N. Rai, S. S. Reddy, A. D. Scully, K. L. J. Weerarathna, U. Bach, A. N. Simonov, Adv. Mater. Technol. 2024, 9, 2301539.
- 19G. Wu, R. Liang, M. Ge, G. Sun, Y. Zhang, G. Xing, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2105635.
- 20J. Wen, Y. Zhao, P. Wu, Y. Liu, X. Zheng, R. Lin, S. Wan, K. Li, H. Luo, Y. Tian, L. Li, H. Tan, Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7118.
- 21C. Liu, Y. Yang, H. Chen, I. Spanopoulos, A. S. R. Bati, I. W. Gilley, J. Chen, A. Maxwell, B. Vishal, R. P. Reynolds, T. E. Wiggins, Z. Wang, C. Huang, J. Fletcher, Y. Liu, L. X. Chen, S. De Wolf, B. Chen, D. Zheng, T. J. Marks, A. Facchetti, E. H. Sargent, M. G. Kanatzidis, Nature 2024, 633, 359.
- 22E. J. Cassella, T. Thornber, R. D. J. Oliver, M. E. O'Kane, E. L. K. Spooner, R. C. Kilbride, T. E. Catley, O. S. Game, A. J. Ramadan, D. G. Lidzey, Sol. RRL 2023, 8, 2300814.
- 23J. Zhuang, C. Liu, B. Kang, H. Cheng, M. Xiao, L. Li, F. Yan, Adv. Mater. 2023, 36, 2309869.
- 24T. S. Le, D. Saranin, P. Gostishchev, I. Ermanova, T. Komaricheva, L. Luchnikov, D. Muratov, A. Uvarov, E. Vyacheslavova, I. Mukhin, S. Didenko, D. Kuznetsov, A. D. Carlo, Sol. RRL 2022, 6, 2100807.
- 25Y. Wang, C. Duan, P. Lv, Z. Ku, J. Lu, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2021, 8, nwab075.
- 26R. Patidar, D. Burkitt, K. Hooper, D. Richards, T. Watson, Mater. Today Commun. 2020, 22, 100808.
- 27T. R. Rana, M. Abbas, E. Schwartz, F. Jiang, M. Y. Yaman, Z. Xu, D. S. Ginger, D. MacKenzie, ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9, 1888.
- 28Y. Zhu, P. Lv, M. Hu, S. R. Raga, H. Yin, Y. Zhang, Z. An, Q. Zhu, G. Luo, W. Li, F. Huang, M. Lira-Cantu, Y.-B. Cheng, J. Lu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203681.
- 29H. Yin, P. Lv, B. Gao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhu, M. Hu, B. Tan, M. Xu, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, A. N. Simonov, J. Lu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 25652.
- 30Y. Qi, K. A. Green, G. Ma, S. Jha, K. Gollinger, C. Wang, X. Gu, D. Patton, S. E. Morgan, Q. Dai, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 438, 135647.
- 31W. Huang, S. Sadhu, P. Sapkota, S. Ptasinska, Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 5879.
- 32H. Zhong, Z. Jia, J. Shen, Z. Yu, S. Yin, X. Liu, G. Fu, S. Chen, S. Yang, W. Kong, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 602, 154365.
- 33T. Bu, J. Li, H. Li, C. Tian, J. Su, G. Tong, L. K. Ono, C. Wang, Z. Lin, N. Chai, X.-L. Zhang, J. Chang, J. Lu, J. Zhong, W. Huang, Y. Qi, Y.-B. Cheng, F. Huang, Science 2021, 372, 1327.
- 34A. Kumar, M. I. Sayyed, A. M. Idris, M. U. Khandaker, P. Singh, H. A. Abbas, K. Myaser Abd Alaziz, H. Sharif, Energy Fuels 2023, 37, 16924.
- 35X. Sun, Y. Li, D. Liu, R. Liu, B. Zhang, Q. Tian, B. Fan, X. Wang, Z. Li, Z. Shao, X. Wang, G. Cui, S. Pang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2302191.
- 36C. Deng, J. Wu, Y. Du, Q. Chen, Z. Song, G. Li, X. Wang, J. Lin, W. Sun, M. Huang, Y. Huang, P. Gao, Z. Lan, Small Methods 2021, 5, 2101000.
- 37X. Hu, N. Shen, D. Zhang, Y. Wu, R. Shang, L. Wang, C. Qin, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2313099.
- 38L. Wang, Z. Yan, J. Qiu, J. Wu, C. Zhen, K. Tai, X. Jiang, S. Yang, Nano Energy 2021, 90, 106537.
- 39C. Wang, C. Xiao, Y. Yu, D. Zhao, R. A. Awni, C. R. Grice, K. Ghimire, I. Constantinou, W. Liao, A. J. Cimaroli, P. Liu, J. Chen, N. J. Podraza, C.-S. Jiang, M. M. Al-Jassim, X. Zhao, Y. Yan, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700414.
- 40J. Peng, D. Walter, Y. Ren, M. Tebyetekerwa, Y. Wu, T. Duong, Q. Lin, J. Li, T. Lu, M. A. Mahmud, O. L. C. Lem, S. Zhao, W. Liu, Y. Liu, H. Shen, L. Li, F. Kremer, H. T. Nguyen, D.-Y. Choi, K. J. Weber, K. R. Catchpole, T. P. White, Science 2021, 371, 390.
- 41M. Stolterfoht, C. M. Wolff, Y. Amir, A. Paulke, L. Perdigón-Toro, P. Caprioglio, D. Neher, Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 1530.
- 42H. Kanda, V. Dan Mihailetchi, M.-E. Gueunier-Farret, J.-P. Kleider, Z. Djebbour, J. Alvarez, B. Philippe, O. Isabella, M. R. Vogt, R. Santbergen, P. Schulz, F. Peter, M. K. Nazeeruddin, J. P. Connolly, Interdiscip. Mater. 2022, 1, 148.
- 43Y. Zhu, C. Li, J. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Lu, M. Hu, W. Li, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, H. Park, S. Xiao, Interdiscip. Mater. 2024, 3, 369.
- 44M. Du, S. Zhao, L. Duan, Y. Cao, H. Wang, Y. Sun, L. Wang, X. Zhu, J. Feng, L. Liu, X. Jiang, Q. Dong, Y. Shi, K. Wang, S. Liu, Joule 2022, 6, 1931.
- 45D. Lu, G. Lv, Z. Xu, Y. Dong, X. Ji, Y. Liu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 11114.
- 46H. Chen, C. Liu, J. Xu, A. Maxwell, W. Zhou, Y. Yang, Q. Zhou, A. S. R. Bati, H. Wan, Z. Wang, L. Zeng, J. Wang, P. Serles, Y. Liu, S. Teale, Y. Liu, M. I. Saidaminov, M. Li, N. Rolston, S. Hoogland, T. Filleter, M. G. Kanatzidis, B. Chen, Z. Ning, E. H. Sargent, Science 2024, 384, 189.
- 47J. Zhu, Y. Luo, R. He, C. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Luo, Z. Yi, J. Thiesbrummel, C. Wang, F. Lang, H. Lai, Y. Xu, J. Wang, Z. Zhang, W. Liang, G. Cui, S. Ren, X. Hao, H. Huang, Y. Wang, F. Yao, Q. Lin, L. Wu, J. Zhang, M. Stolterfoht, F. Fu, D. Zhao, Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 714.
- 48A. Al-Ashouri, E. Köhnen, B. Li, A. Magomedov, H. Hempel, P. Caprioglio, J. A. Márquez, A. B. Morales Vilches, E. Kasparavicius, J. A. Smith, N. Phung, D. Menzel, M. Grischek, L. Kegelmann, D. Skroblin, C. Gollwitzer, T. Malinauskas, M. Jošt, G. Matič, B. Rech, R. Schlatmann, M. Topič, L. Korte, A. Abate, B. Stannowski, D. Neher, M. Stolterfoht, T. Unold, V. Getautis, S. Albrecht, Science 2020, 370, 1300.
- 49J. Chang, E. Feng, H. Li, Y. Ding, C. Long, Y. Gao, Y. Yang, C. Yi, Z. Zheng, J. Yang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2023, 15, 164.
- 50I. Gelmetti, N. F. Montcada, A. Pérez-Rodríguez, E. Barrena, C. Ocal, I. García-Benito, A. Molina-Ontoria, N. Martín, A. Vidal-Ferran, E. Palomares, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1309.
- 51B. C. O'Regan, P. R. F. Barnes, X. Li, C. Law, E. Palomares, J. M. Marin-Beloqui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 5087.
- 52X. Xiao, C. Bao, Y. Fang, J. Dai, B. R. Ecker, C. Wang, Y. Lin, S. Tang, Y. Liu, Y. Deng, X. Zheng, Y. Gao, X. C. Zeng, J. Huang, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705176.
- 53Y. Wang, P. Lv, J. Pan, J. Chen, X. Liu, M. Hu, L. Wan, K. Cao, B. Liu, Z. Ku, Y.-B. Cheng, J. Lu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2304625.
- 54Z. Cui, W. Li, B. Feng, Y. Li, X. Guo, H. Yuan, Q. Weng, T. You, W. Zhang, X. Li, J. Fang, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2410273.
- 55X. Li, W. Zhang, X. Guo, C. Lu, J. Wei, J. Fang, Science 2022, 375, 434.
- 56X. Liu, D. Luo, Z.-H. Lu, J. S. Yun, M. Saliba, S. I. Seok, W. Zhang, Nat. Rev. Chem. 2023, 7, 462.
- 57L. Xie, P. Song, L. Shen, J. Lu, K. Liu, K. Lin, W. Feng, C. Tian, Z. Wei, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 7653.
- 58J. Dai, J. Xiong, N. Liu, Z. He, Y. Zhang, S. Zhan, B. Fan, W. Liu, X. Huang, X. Hu, D. Wang, Y. Huang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 453, 139988.
- 59C. Wang, L. Huang, Y. Zhou, Y. Guo, K. Liang, T. Wang, X. Liu, J. Zhang, Z. Hu, Y. Zhu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203596.
- 60D. Lan, M. A. Green, Joule 2022, 6, 1782.
- 61Z. Xu, H. Bristow, M. Babics, B. Vishal, E. Aydin, R. Azmi, E. Ugur, B. K. Yildirim, J. Liu, R. A. Kerner, S. De Wolf, B. P. Rand, Joule 2023, 7, 1992.
- 62M. V. Khenkin, E. A. Katz, A. Abate, G. Bardizza, J. J. Berry, C. Brabec, F. Brunetti, V. Bulović, Q. Burlingame, A. Di Carlo, R. Cheacharoen, Y.-B. Cheng, A. Colsmann, S. Cros, K. Domanski, M. Dusza, C. J. Fell, S. R. Forrest, Y. Galagan, D. Di Girolamo, M. Grätzel, A. Hagfeldt, E. von Hauff, H. Hoppe, J. Kettle, H. Köbler, M. S. Leite, S. Liu, Y.-L. Loo, J. M. Luther, et al., Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 35.
- 63N. Li, Z. Shi, C. Fei, H. Jiao, M. Li, H. Gu, S. P. Harvey, Y. Dong, M. C. Beard, J. Huang, Nat. Energy 2024, 9, 1264.
