2D MXenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Silicon-Based Optoelectronic Devices
Wei Li
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiyuan Xu
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYu Yan
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorQianfeng Gao
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYaya Song
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorTaiqiang Wang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorHongyu Dun
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorMingyu Yang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qian Huang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorXiaodan Zhang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYing Zhao
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Guofu Hou
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorWei Li
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiyuan Xu
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYu Yan
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorQianfeng Gao
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYaya Song
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorTaiqiang Wang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorHongyu Dun
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorMingyu Yang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Qian Huang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorXiaodan Zhang
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorYing Zhao
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Guofu Hou
Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Tianjin, 300350 China
Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 China
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy, Tianjin, 300350 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
MXenes, a rapidly emerging class of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have attracted significant attention for their outstanding properties, including high electrical conductivity, tunable work function, and solution processability. These characteristics have made MXenes highly versatile and widely adopted in the next generation of optoelectronic devices, such as perovskite and organic solar cells. However, their integration into silicon-based optoelectronic devices remains relatively underexplored, despite silicon's dominance in the semiconductor industry. In this review, a timely summary of the recent progress in utilizing Ti-based MXenes, particularly Ti3C2Tx, in silicon-based optoelectronic devices is provided. The composition, synthesis methods, and key properties of MXenes that contribute to their potential for enhanced device performance are focused on. Furthermore, the latest advancements in MXene applications in silicon-based solar cells and photodetectors are discussed from fundamental and applied perspectives. Finally, the key challenges and future opportunities for the integration of MXenes in silicon-based optoelectronic devices are outlined.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, G. Yu, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, A. C. Ferrari, R. S. Ruoff, V. Pellegrini, Science 2015, 347, 1246501.
- 2Y. Xue, Q. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Cao, Q. Yang, L. Fu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1602684.
- 3D. Geng, H. Y. Yang, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2018, 30, 1800865.
- 4K. Zhang, Y. Feng, F. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 11992.
- 5M. Xu, M. Wei, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1802943.
- 6Y. Wang, L. Liu, T. Ma, Y. Zhang, H. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2102540.
- 7M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu, M. Heon, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2011, 23, 4248.
- 8P. Kumar, F. Shahzad, S. Yu, S. M. Hong, Y.-H. Kim, C. M. Koo, Carbon 2015, 94, 494.
- 9K. R. G. Lim, M. Shekhirev, B. C. Wyatt, B. Anasori, Y. Gogotsi, Z. W. Seh, Nature Synthesis 2022, 1, 601.
- 10A. Agresti, A. Pazniak, S. Pescetelli, A. Di Vito, D. Rossi, A. Pecchia, M. Auf der Maur, A. Liedl, R. Larciprete, D. V. Kuznetsov, D. Saranin, A. Di Carlo, Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1228.
- 11B. Dai, Y. Ma, F. Dong, J. Yu, M. Ma, H. K. Thabet, S. M. El-Bahy, M. M. Ibrahim, M. Huang, I. Seok, G. Roymahapatra, N. Naik, B. B. Xu, J. Ding, T. Li, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 2022, 5, 704.
- 12S. Patra, N. U. Kiran, P. Mane, B. Chakraborty, L. Besra, S. Chatterjee, S. Chatterjee, Surfaces and Interfaces 2023, 39, 102969.
- 13L. Yu, L. Lu, X. Zhou, L. Xu, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 10, 2201818.
- 14U. K. Aryal, M. Ahmadpour, V. Turkovic, H.-G. Rubahn, A. Di Carlo, M. Madsen, Nano Energy 2022, 94, 106833.
- 15S. Aftab, M. Z. Iqbal, S. Hussain, F. Kabir, S. Kumar, H. H. Hegazy, B. Sravanthi Goud, J. Mater. Chem. C 2023, 11, 13189.
- 16H. Vadakke Neelamana, S. M. Rekha, S. V. Bhat, Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 7386.
- 17Y. Wei, P. Zhang, R. A. Soomro, Q. Zhu, B. Xu, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2021, 33, 2103148.
- 18N. Miao, J. Wang, Y. Gong, J. Wu, H. Niu, S. Wang, K. Li, A. R. Oganov, T. Tada, H. Hosono, Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 6947.
- 19J. Sun, B. Liu, Q. Zhao, C. H. Kirk, J. Wang, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2023, 35, 2306072.
- 20H. Kim, Z. Wang, H. N. Alshareef, Nano Energy 2019, 60, 179.
- 21M. Alhabeb, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, P. Lelyukh, L. Clark, S. Sin, Y. Gogotsi, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 7633.
- 22J. T. Lee, B. C. Wyatt, G. A. Davis Jr., A. N. Masterson, A. L. Pagan, A. Shah, B. Anasori, R. Sardar, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 19600.
- 23J. Halim, M. R. Lukatskaya, K. M. Cook, J. Lu, C. R. Smith, L.-Å. Näslund, S. J. May, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, P. Eklund, M. W. Barsoum, Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 2374.
- 24M. Yi, Z. Shen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 11700.
- 25V. Kotasthane, Z. Tan, J. Yun, E. B. Pentzer, J. L. Lutkenhaus, M. J. Green, M. Radovic, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2023, 6, 1093.
- 26J. Wu, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Meng, Y. Xu, Y. Han, Z. Wang, Y. Dong, X. Zhang, J. Energy Chem. 2020, 47, 203.
- 27A. Feng, Y. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Jiang, Y. Yu, L. Mi, L. Song, Mater. Des. 2017, 114, 161.
- 28M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu, M. Heon, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2011, 23, 4207.
- 29S.-u. Chae, S. Yi, J. Yoon, J. C. Hyun, S. Doo, S. Lee, J. Lee, S. J. Kim, Y. S. Yun, J.-H. Lee, C. M. Koo, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 52, 76.
- 30Y. Zhang, K. Ruan, Y. Guo, J. Gu, Adv. Photonics Res. 2023, 4, 2300224.
10.1002/adpr.202300224 Google Scholar
- 31S. Kumar, Small 2024, 20, 2308225.
- 32T. Bashir, S. A. Ismail, J. Wang, W. Zhu, J. Zhao, L. Gao, J. Energy Chem. 2023, 76, 90.
- 33A. Thakur, N. Chandran, B.S, K. Davidson, A. Bedford, H. Fang, Y. Im, V. Kanduri, B. C. Wyatt, S. K. Nemani, V. Poliukhova, R. Kumar, Z. Fakhraai, B. Anasori, Small Methods 2023, 7, 2300030.
- 34M. Ghidiu, M. R. Lukatskaya, M.-Q. Zhao, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, Nature 2014, 516, 78.
- 35S. Li, S. Xu, K. Pan, J. Du, J. Qiu, Carbon 2022, 194, 127.
- 36X. Sang, Y. Xie, M.-W. Lin, M. Alhabeb, K. L. Van Aken, Y. Gogotsi, P. R. C. Kent, K. Xiao, R. R. Unocic, ACS Nano 2016, 10, 9193.
- 37F. Shahzad, M. Alhabeb, C. B. Hatter, B. Anasori, S. M. Hong, C. M. Koo, Y. Gogotsi, Science 2016, 353, 1137.
- 38K. Hantanasirisakul, M.-Q. Zhao, P. Urbankowski, J. Halim, B. Anasori, S. Kota, C. E. Ren, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Electron. Mater. 2016, 2, 1600050.
- 39F. Liu, A. Zhou, J. Chen, J. Jia, W. Zhou, L. Wang, Q. Hu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 416, 781.
- 40M. Guo, W.-C. Geng, C. Liu, J. Gu, Z. Zhang, Y. Tang, Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 8257.
- 41S. Siddique, A. Waheed, M. Iftikhar, M. T. Mehran, M. Z. Zarif, H. A. Arafat, S. Hussain, F. Shahzad, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2023, 139, 101183.
- 42V. Gajdosova, L. Lorencova, M. Prochazka, M. Omastova, M. Micusik, S. Prochazkova, F. Kveton, M. Jerigova, D. Velic, P. Kasak, J. Tkac, Microchim. Acta 2019, 187, 52.
- 43J. Xuan, Z. Wang, Y. Chen, D. Liang, L. Cheng, X. Yang, Z. Liu, R. Ma, T. Sasaki, F. Geng, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14569.
- 44Z. Wang, V. Kochat, P. Pandey, S. Kashyap, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Samanta, S. Sarkar, P. Manimunda, X. Zhang, S. Asif, A. K. Singh, K. Chattopadhyay, C. S. Tiwary, P. M. Ajayan, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2017, 29, 1700364.
- 45T. Li, L. Yao, Q. Liu, J. Gu, R. Luo, J. Li, X. Yan, W. Wang, P. Liu, B. Chen, W. Zhang, W. Abbas, R. Naz, D. Zhang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 6115.
- 46W. Zheng, L. Y. S. Lee, Matter 2022, 5, 515.
- 47X. Yu, X. Cai, H. Cui, S.-W. Lee, X.-F. Yu, B. Liu, Nanoscale 2017, 9, 17859.
- 48S. Yang, P. Zhang, F. Wang, A. G. Ricciardulli, M. R. Lohe, P. W. M. Blom, X. Feng, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 15491.
- 49P. Zhou, Q. Zhu, X. Sun, L. Liu, Z. Cai, J. Xu, Chem. Eng. J. (Lausanne) 2023, 464, 142508.
- 50M. Li, J. Lu, K. Luo, Y. Li, K. Chang, K. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Rosen, L. Hultman, P. Eklund, P. O. Å. Persson, S. Du, Z. Chai, Z. Huang, Q. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 4730.
- 51S. Husmann, Ö. Budak, H. Shim, K. Liang, M. Aslan, A. Kruth, A. Quade, M. Naguib, V. Presser, Chem. Commun. (Cambridge, U. K.) 2020, 56, 11082.
- 52Y. Li, H. Shao, Z. Lin, J. Lu, L. Liu, B. Duployer, P. O. Å. Persson, P. Eklund, L. Hultman, M. Li, K. Chen, X.-H. Zha, S. Du, P. Rozier, Z. Chai, E. Raymundo-Piñero, P.-L. Taberna, P. Simon, Q. Huang, Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 894.
- 53V. Natu, R. Pai, M. Sokol, M. Carey, V. Kalra, M. W. Barsoum, Chem 2020, 6, 616.
- 54Y.-J. Kim, S. J. Kim, D. Seo, Y. Chae, M. Anayee, Y. Lee, Y. Gogotsi, C. W. Ahn, H.-T. Jung, Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 6346.
- 55L. Liu, H. Zschiesche, M. Antonietti, M. Gibilaro, P. Chamelot, L. Massot, P. Rozier, P.-L. Taberna, P. Simon, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203805.
- 56M. Shen, W. Jiang, K. Liang, S. Zhao, R. Tang, L. Zhang, J.-Q. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 27013.
- 57O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, Y. Dall'Agnese, M. Heon, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1716.
- 58M. Naguib, R. R. Unocic, B. L. Armstrong, J. Nanda, Dalton Trans. 2015, 44, 9353.
- 59F. Han, S. Luo, L. Xie, J. Zhu, W. Wei, X. Chen, F. Liu, W. Chen, J. Zhao, L. Dong, K. Yu, X. Zeng, F. Rao, L. Wang, Y. Huang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 8443.
- 60W. Wu, J. Xu, X. Tang, P. Xie, X. Liu, J. Xu, H. Zhou, D. Zhang, T. Fan, Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 5932.
- 61N. Driscoll, A. G. Richardson, K. Maleski, B. Anasori, O. Adewole, P. Lelyukh, L. Escobedo, D. K. Cullen, T. H. Lucas, Y. Gogotsi, F. Vitale, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10419.
- 62A. S. Levitt, M. Alhabeb, C. B. Hatter, A. Sarycheva, G. Dion, Y. Gogotsi, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 269.
- 63Q. Gao, W. Sun, P. Ilani-Kashkouli, A. Tselev, P. R. C. Kent, N. Kabengi, M. Naguib, M. Alhabeb, W.-Y. Tsai, A. P. Baddorf, J. Huang, S. Jesse, Y. Gogotsi, N. Balke, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 2549.
- 64M. Ghidiu, J. Halim, S. Kota, D. Bish, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 3507.
- 65V. Kamysbayev, A. S. Filatov, H. Hu, X. Rui, F. Lagunas, D. Wang, R. F. Klie, D. V. Talapin, Science 2020, 369, 979.
- 66T. Schultz, N. C. Frey, K. Hantanasirisakul, S. Park, S. J. May, V. B. Shenoy, Y. Gogotsi, N. Koch, Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 6590.
- 67P. Liu, W. Ding, J. Liu, L. Shen, F. Jiang, P. Liu, Z. Zhu, G. Zhang, C. Liu, J. Xu, J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 829, 154634.
- 68J. L. Hart, K. Hantanasirisakul, A. C. Lang, B. Anasori, D. Pinto, Y. Pivak, J. T. van Omme, S. J. May, Y. Gogotsi, M. L. Taheri, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 522.
- 69H. Gholivand, S. Fuladi, Z. Hemmat, A. Salehi-Khojin, F. Khalili-Araghi, J. Appl. Phys. 2019, 126, 065101.
- 70Y. Du, Z. Yan, W. You, Q. Men, G. Chen, X. Lv, Y. Wu, K. Luo, B. Zhao, J. Zhang, R. Che, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301449.
- 71W. Sun, S. A. Shah, Y. Chen, Z. Tan, H. Gao, T. Habib, M. Radovic, M. J. Green, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 21663.
- 72J. Lu, I. Persson, H. Lind, J. Palisaitis, M. Li, Y. Li, K. Chen, J. Zhou, S. Du, Z. Chai, Z. Huang, L. Hultman, P. Eklund, J. Rosen, Q. Huang, P. O. Å. Persson, Nanoscale Advances 2019, 1, 3680.
- 73M. Li, X. Li, G. Qin, K. Luo, J. Lu, Y. Li, G. Liang, Z. Huang, J. Zhou, L. Hultman, P. Eklund, P. O. Å. Persson, S. Du, Z. Chai, C. Zhi, Q. Huang, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 1077.
- 74I. Persson, J. Halim, H. Lind, T. W. Hansen, J. B. Wagner, L.-Å. Näslund, V. Darakchieva, J. Palisaitis, J. Rosen, P. O. Å. Persson, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2019, 31, 1805472.
- 75N. Chen, H. Huang, Z. Xu, Y. Xie, D. Xiong, X. Chu, B. Gu, B. Zheng, W. Deng, H. Zhang, W. Yang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2020, 31, 1044.
- 76A. Jawaid, A. Hassan, G. Neher, D. Nepal, R. Pachter, W. J. Kennedy, S. Ramakrishnan, R. A. Vaia, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 2771.
- 77N. Qureshi, C.-H. Choi, J. Doh, Adv. Mater. Technol. 2024, 9, 2301611.
- 78G. Li, L. Tan, Y. zhang, B. Wu, L. Li, Langmuir 2017, 33, 9000.
- 79M. R. Lukatskaya, J. Halim, B. Dyatkin, M. Naguib, Y. S. Buranova, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 4877.
- 80R. Sun, P. Hu, J. Wang, F. Yang, F. Zhu, H. Xing, J. Luo, L. Gao, K. Wang, Z. Yin, Small 2024, 22, 2408331.
- 81M. Naguib, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2021, 33, 2103393.
- 82S. W. Koh, L. Rekhi, Arramel, M. D. B., Q. T. Trinh, J. Ge, W. Yu, A. T. S. Wee, T. S. Choksi, H. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 16, 66826.
- 83L. Jiang, J. Duan, J. Zhu, S. Chen, M. Antonietti, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 2436.
- 84T. S. Mathis, K. Maleski, A. Goad, A. Sarycheva, M. Anayee, A. C. Foucher, K. Hantanasirisakul, C. E. Shuck, E. A. Stach, Y. Gogotsi, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 6420.
- 85R. E. Ustad, S. S. Kundale, K. A. Rokade, S. L. Patil, V. D. Chavan, K. D. Kadam, H. S. Patil, S. P. Patil, R. K. Kamat, D.-k. Kim, T. D. Dongale, Nanoscale 2023, 15, 9891.
- 86X. Xu, T. Guo, M. Lanza, H. N. Alshareef, Matter 2023, 6, 800.
- 87A. D. Dillon, M. J. Ghidiu, A. L. Krick, J. Griggs, S. J. May, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, A. T. Fafarman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 4162.
- 88C. Zhang, B. Anasori, A. Seral-Ascaso, S.-H. Park, N. McEvoy, A. Shmeliov, G. S. Duesberg, J. N. Coleman, Y. Gogotsi, V. Nicolosi, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2017, 29, 1702678.
- 89A. N. Enyashin, A. L. Ivanovskii, J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 13637.
- 90M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, C.-Y. Chung, N. S. Venkataramanan, M. Estili, Y. Sakka, Y. Kawazoe, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 2185.
- 91M. Khazaei, A. Ranjbar, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, S. Yunoki, J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 2488.
- 92K. P. Marquez, K. M. D. Sisican, R. P. Ibabao, R. A. J. Malenab, M. A. N. Judicpa, L. Henderson, J. Zhang, K. A. S. Usman, J. M. Razal, Small Science 2024, 4, 2400150.
- 93T. Wu, P. R. C. Kent, Y. Gogotsi, D.-e. Jiang, Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 4975.
- 94C. J. Zhang, S. Pinilla, N. McEvoy, C. P. Cullen, B. Anasori, E. Long, S.-H. Park, A. Seral-Ascaso, A. Shmeliov, D. Krishnan, C. Morant, X. Liu, G. S. Duesberg, Y. Gogotsi, V. Nicolosi, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 4848.
- 95B. Fan, X. Zhao, P. Zhang, Y. Wei, N. Qiao, B. Yang, R. A. Soomro, R. Zhang, B. Xu, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2300273.
- 96M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, A. Ranjbar, Y. Liang, S. Yunoki, Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 075411.
- 97P. O. Å. Persson, J. Rosen, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2019, 23, 100774.
- 98L. Yang, C. Dall'Agnese, Y. Dall'Agnese, G. Chen, Y. Gao, Y. Sanehira, A. K. Jena, X. F. Wang, Y. Gogotsi, T. Miyasaka, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1905694.
- 99Z. M. Yu, W. Feng, W. H. Lu, B. C. Li, H. Y. Yao, K. Y. Zeng, J. Y. Ouyang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 11160.
- 100H. Zhang, T. Hu, W. Sun, M. Hu, R. Cheng, X. Wang, Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 4385.
- 101F. M. Römer, U. Wiedwald, T. Strusch, J. Halim, E. Mayerberger, M. W. Barsoum, M. Farle, RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 13097.
- 102H. Jing, H. Yeo, B. Lyu, J. Ryou, S. Choi, J.-H. Park, B. H. Lee, Y.-H. Kim, S. Lee, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 1388.
- 103H. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, N. Turetta, S. M. Gali, H. Peng, Y. Yao, Y. Chen, I. Janica, D. Beljonne, W. Hu, A. Ciesielski, P. Samorì, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2021, 33, 2008215.
- 104H. Jing, B. Lyu, Y. Tang, S. Baek, J.-H. Park, B. H. Lee, J. Y. Lee, S. Lee, Small Science 2022, 2, 2200057.
- 105B. Lyu, M. Kim, H. Jing, J. Kang, C. Qian, S. Lee, J. H. Cho, ACS Nano 2019, 13, 11392.
- 106J. K. El-Demellawi, A. E. Mansour, A. M. El-Zohry, M. N. Hedhili, J. Yin, A. H. M. Emwas, P. Maity, X. M. Xu, O. M. Bakr, O. F. Mohammed, H. N. Alshareef, ACS Mater. Lett. 2022, 4, 2480.
- 107X. Y. Liu, H. B. Tong, Y. L. Li, G. D. Wan, W. X. Li, Z. Gao, H. Y. Ma, Q. M. Liu, Y. J. Fu, D. Y. He, Z. G. Li, J. S. Li, J. Power Sources 2024, 614, 235046.
- 108C. Hou, C. Huang, H. Yu, S. Shi, Small 2022, 18, 2201046.
- 109C. M. Yang, S. Y. Qin, Y. Zuo, Y. Shi, T. Bie, M. Shao, Y. Yu, Nanophotonics 2021, 10, 4133.
- 110Z. Ju, Y. Chen, P. Li, J. Ma, H. Xu, Y. Liu, P. Samorì, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2024, 36, 2412512.
- 111Q. Lu, J. Wang, Y. Miao, Y. Guo, G. Wang, J. Dong, M. Zhao, H. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. (Lausanne) 2022, 450, 138439.
- 112S. Kale, S. Parmar, S. Datar, S. N. Kale, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2023, 306, 128052.
- 113H. Zhou, S. J. Han, H.-D. Lee, D. Zhang, M. Anayee, S. H. Jo, Y. Gogotsi, T.-W. Lee, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2022, 34, 2206377.
- 114P. Cai, L. Ding, Z. Chen, D. Wang, H. Peng, C. Yuan, C. Hu, L. Sun, Y. N. Luponosov, F. Huang, Q. Xue, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2300113.
- 115O. Mashtalir, K. M. Cook, V. N. Mochalin, M. Crowe, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 14334.
- 116S. Huang, V. N. Mochalin, Inorg. Chem. 2019, 58, 1958.
- 117S. Doo, A. Chae, D. Kim, T. Oh, T. Y. Ko, S. J. Kim, D.-Y. Koh, C. M. Koo, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 22855.
- 118R. P. Pandey, P. A. Rasheed, T. Gomez, K. Rasool, J. Ponraj, K. Prenger, M. Naguib, K. A. Mahmoud, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 11372.
- 119F. Cao, Y. Zhang, H. Wang, K. Khan, A. K. Tareen, W. Qian, H. Zhang, H. Ågren, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2022, 34, 2107554.
- 120X. Li, Z. Huang, C. Zhi, Frontiers in Materials 2019, 6, 312.
- 121X. Zhao, A. Vashisth, E. Prehn, W. Sun, S. A. Shah, T. Habib, Y. Chen, Z. Tan, J. L. Lutkenhaus, M. Radovic, M. J. Green, Matter 2019, 1, 513.
- 122V. Natu, J. L. Hart, M. Sokol, H. Chiang, M. L. Taheri, M. W. Barsoum, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 12655.
- 123J. Kim, Y. Yoon, S. K. Kim, S. Park, W. Song, S. Myung, H.-K. Jung, S. S. Lee, D. H. Yoon, K.-S. An, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2008722.
- 124Y. Chae, S. J. Kim, S.-Y. Cho, J. Choi, K. Maleski, B.-J. Lee, H.-T. Jung, Y. Gogotsi, Y. Lee, C. W. Ahn, Nanoscale 2019, 11, 8387.
- 125S. Jolly, M. P. Paranthaman, M. Naguib, Mater. Today Adv. 2021, 10, 100139.
- 126C. E. Shuck, A. Sarycheva, M. Anayee, A. Levitt, Y. Zhu, S. Uzun, V. Balitskiy, V. Zahorodna, O. Gogotsi, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Eng. Mater. 2020, 22, 1901241.
- 127N. X. Williams, G. Bullard, N. Brooke, M. J. Therien, A. D. Franklin, Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 261.
- 128J. H. Kim, G. S. Park, Y.-J. Kim, E. Choi, J. Kang, O. Kwon, S. J. Kim, J. H. Cho, D. W. Kim, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 8860.
- 129Y. Li, B. Zhou, Y. Shen, C. He, B. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Feng, C. Shen, Composites, Part B 2021, 217, 108902.
- 130J. Azadmanjiri, T. N. Reddy, B. Khezri, L. Děkanovský, A. K. Parameswaran, B. Pal, S. Ashtiani, S. Wei, Z. Sofer, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 4533.
- 131Y.-Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Q. Jiang, J. K. El-Demellawi, H. Kim, H. N. Alshareef, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2020, 32, 1908486.
- 132J. Zhou, X.-H. Zha, M. Yildizhan, P. Eklund, J. Xue, M. Liao, P. O. Å. Persson, S. Du, Q. Huang, ACS Nano 2019, 13, 1195.
- 133D. B. Velusamy, J. K. El-Demellawi, A. M. El-Zohry, A. Giugni, S. Lopatin, M. N. Hedhili, A. E. Mansour, E. D. Fabrizio, O. F. Mohammed, H. N. Alshareef, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2019, 31, 1807658.
- 134H. Xu, A. Ren, J. Wu, Z. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000907.
- 135S. Ahn, T.-H. Han, K. Maleski, J. Song, Y.-H. Kim, M.-H. Park, H. Zhou, S. Yoo, Y. Gogotsi, T.-W. Lee, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2020, 32, 2000919.
- 136J. Chen, X. Liu, Z. Li, F. Cao, X. Lu, X. Fang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2201066.
- 137J. Li, Z. Li, X. Liu, C. Li, Y. Zheng, K. W. K. Yeung, Z. Cui, Y. Liang, S. Zhu, W. Hu, Y. Qi, T. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Wu, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1224.
- 138J. Xu, J. Shim, J.-H. Park, S. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 5328.
- 139Z. Kang, Y. Ma, X. Tan, M. Zhu, Z. Zheng, N. Liu, L. Li, Z. Zou, X. Jiang, T. Zhai, Y. Gao, Adv. Electron. Mater. 2017, 3, 1700165.
- 140W. Song, Q. Liu, J. Chen, Z. Chen, X. He, Q. Zeng, S. Li, L. He, Z. Chen, X. Fang, Small 2021, 17, 2100439.
- 141C. Yang, S. Qin, Y. Zuo, Y. Shi, T. Bie, M. Shao, Y. Yu, Nanophotonics 2021, 10, 4133.
- 142Y. Chen, Y. Dai, S. C. Bodepudi, X. Liu, Y. Ma, S. Xing, D. Di, F. Tian, X. Ming, Y. Liu, K. Pang, F. Xue, Y. Zhang, Z. Yu, Y. Dan, O. V. Penkov, Y. Zhang, D. Qi, W. Fang, Y. Xu, C. Gao, InfoMat 2024, 6, e12596.
- 143W. Li, Z. Xu, Y. Yan, J. Zhou, Q. Huang, S. Xu, X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, G. Hou, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2304338.
- 144H. Lin, M. Yang, X. N. Ru, G. S. Wang, S. Yin, F. G. Peng, C. J. Hong, M. H. Qu, J. X. Lu, L. Fang, C. Han, P. Procel, O. Isabella, P. Q. Gao, Z. G. Li, X. X. Xu, Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 789.
- 145M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, K. Bothe, G. Siefer, D. Hinken, M. Rauer, J. Hohl-Ebinger, X. Hao, Prog. Photovoltaics 2024, 32, 425.
- 146M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, G. Siefer, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, K. Bothe, X. Hao, Prog. Photovoltaics 2023, 31, 3.
- 147Y. Kan, Y. Sun, Y. Ren, Y. Xu, X. Jiang, H. Shen, L. Geng, J. Li, P. Cai, H. Xu, K. Gao, Y. Li, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2024, 36, 2312635.
- 148J.-M. Ji, H. Zhou, Y. K. Eom, C. H. Kim, H. K. Kim, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000124.
- 149Z. Sun, X. Chen, Y. He, J. Li, J. Wang, H. Yan, Y. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2200015.
- 150C. Ballif, F.-J. Haug, M. Boccard, P. J. Verlinden, G. Hahn, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 597.
- 151M. A. Green, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 143, 190.
- 152M. Wright, B. Vicari Stefani, T. W. Jones, B. Hallam, A. Soeriyadi, L. Wang, P. Altermatt, H. J. Snaith, G. J. Wilson, R. S. Bonilla, Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 4164.
- 153T. G. Allen, J. Bullock, X. Yang, A. Javey, S. De Wolf, Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 914.
- 154L. Yu, A. S. R. Bati, T. S. L. Grace, M. Batmunkh, J. G. Shapter, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901063.
- 155H.-C. Fu, V. Ramalingam, H. Kim, C.-H. Lin, X. Fang, H. N. Alshareef, J.-H. He, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900180.
- 156Y. Zhang, M. Kim, L. Wang, P. Verlinden, B. Hallam, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 5587.
- 157M. W. Martinez-Szewczyk, S. J. DiGregorio, O. Hildreth, M. I. Bertoni, Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 3218.
- 158E. Aydin, J. K. El-Demellawi, E. Yarali, F. Aljamaan, S. Sansoni, A. u. Rehman, G. Harrison, J. Kang, A. El Labban, M. De Bastiani, A. Razzaq, E. Van Kerschaver, T. G. Allen, O. F. Mohammed, T. Anthopoulos, H. N. Alshareef, S. De Wolf, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 2419.
- 159Y. Sun, M. Chang, L. Meng, X. Wan, H. Gao, Y. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Sun, C. Li, S. Liu, H. Wang, J. Liang, Y. Chen, Nat. Electron. 2019, 2, 513.
- 160W. Li, Z. Xu, Y. Yan, Q. Gao, Y. Song, J. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Xue, S. Xu, Y. Ding, X. Chen, X. Li, L. Zhang, Q. Huang, W. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, G. Hou, Small 2024, 20, 2406397.
- 161K. H. Kim, C. S. Park, J. D. Lee, J. Y. Lim, J. M. Yeon, I. H. Kim, E. J. Lee, Y. H. Cho, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 56, 08MB25.
- 162A. Richter, J. Benick, F. Feldmann, A. Fell, M. Hermle, S. W. Glunz, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 173, 96.
- 163Y. Ding, Z. Huang, C. Di, H. Wang, Y. Xin, B. Sun, J. Chen, Y. Xu, D. Wei, G. Fu, Sol. RRL 2023, 7, 2300250.
- 164C. Zhang, B. Chen, X. Zhang, J. Yan, J. Chen, Q. Gao, X. Zhou, J. Guo, F. Li, J. Wang, D. Song, S. Wang, J. Chen, Sol. RRL 2022, 6, 2200743.
- 165X. Liu, H. Tong, Y. Li, G. Wan, W. Li, Z. Gao, H. Ma, Q. Liu, Y. Fu, D. He, Z. Li, J. Li, J. Power Sources 2024, 614, 235046.
- 166Z. Yu, M. Leilaeioun, Z. Holman, Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16137.
- 167T. Han, W. Zhu, T. Wang, M. Yang, Y. Zhou, H. Xi, P. Zhong, D. Chen, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Hao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2311679.
- 168P. Wadhwa, B. Liu, M. A. McCarthy, Z. Wu, A. G. Rinzler, Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 5001.
- 169X. Yao, L. Yin, Y. Wang, W. Liu, C. Xie, Q. Liu, Y. Fu, Y. Li, J. Li, D.-y. He, Sci. China Mater. 2021, 65, 896.
- 170X. Yao, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Gao, Q. Liu, Y. Fu, D. He, J. Li, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2022, 5, 10064.
- 171D. Kang, S. Kumar, Y. Lee, M. Kim, V. H. Nguyen, D. C. Nguyen, N. Nasir, Y. Seo, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2023, 304, 127830.
