Growth of Black Phosphorus Nanobelts and Microbelts
Corresponding Author
Jun Li
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhaoshun Gao
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoxing Ke
Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124 China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorYangyang Lv
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHuili Zhang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorWei Chen
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorWanghao Tian
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHancong Sun
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorSai Jiang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorXianjing Zhou
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorTingting Zuo
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
Search for more papers by this authorLiye Xiao
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
Search for more papers by this authorManling Sui
Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124 China
Search for more papers by this authorShengfu Tong
School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
Search for more papers by this authorDaiming Tang
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorBo Da
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorKazunari Yamaura
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorXuecou Tu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorYun Li
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorYi Shi
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorJian Chen
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorBiaobing Jin
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorLin Kang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
Search for more papers by this authorWeiwei Xu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHuabing Wang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorPeiheng Wu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jun Li
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhaoshun Gao
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoxing Ke
Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124 China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorYangyang Lv
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHuili Zhang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorWei Chen
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorWanghao Tian
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHancong Sun
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorSai Jiang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorXianjing Zhou
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorTingting Zuo
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
Search for more papers by this authorLiye Xiao
Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
Search for more papers by this authorManling Sui
Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124 China
Search for more papers by this authorShengfu Tong
School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
Search for more papers by this authorDaiming Tang
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorBo Da
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorKazunari Yamaura
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorXuecou Tu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorYun Li
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorYi Shi
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorJian Chen
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorBiaobing Jin
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorLin Kang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
Search for more papers by this authorWeiwei Xu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorHuabing Wang
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Search for more papers by this authorPeiheng Wu
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046 China
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Black phosphorus nanobelts are fabricated with a one-step solid–liquid–solid reaction method under ambient pressure, where red phosphorus is used as the precursor instead of white phosphorus. The thickness of the as-fabricated nanobelts ranges from micrometers to tens of nanometers as studied by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate that the nanobelts have the composition and the structure of black phosphorus, transmission electron microscopy reveals a typical layered structure stacked along the b-axis, and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis demonstrates the doping of bismuth into the black phosphorus structure. The nanobelt can be directly measured in scanning tunneling microscopy in ambient conditions.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009, 81, 109.
- 2K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal'ko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab, K. Kim, Nature 2012, 490, 192.
- 3S. Z. Butler, S. M. Hollen, L. Cao, Y. Cui, J. A. Gupta, H. R. Gutiérrez, T. F. Heinz, S. S. Hong, J. Huang, A. F. Ismach, E. Johnston-Halperin, M. Kuno, V. V. Plashnitsa, R. D. Robinson, R. S. Ruoff, S. Salahuddin, J. Shan, L. Shi, M. G. Spencer, M. Terrones, W. Windl, J. E. Goldberger, ACS Nano 2013, 7, 2898.
- 4H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tománek, P. D. Ye, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 4033.
- 5L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, Y. Zhang, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 372.
- 6Z. J. Xiang, G. J. Ye, C. Shang, B. Lei, N. Z. Wang, K. S. Yang, D. Y. Liu, F. B. Meng, X. G. Luo, L. J. Zou, Z. Sun, Y. Zhang, X. H. Chen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 115, 186403.
- 7L. Li, F. Yang, G. J. Ye, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhu, W. Lou, X. Zhou, L. Li, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, K. Chang, Y. Wang, X. H. Chen, Y. Zhang, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 593.
- 8J. Kim, S. S. Baik, S. H. Ryu, Y. Sohn, S. Park, B.-G. Park, J. Denlinger, Y. Yi, H. J. Choi, K. S. Kim, Science 2015, 349, 723.
- 9B. Deng, V. Tran, Y. Xie, H. Jiang, C. Li, Q. Guo, X. Wang, H. Tian, S. J. Koester, H. Wang, J. J. Cha, Q. Xia, L. Yang, F. Xia, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14474.
- 10N. Youngblood, C. Chen, S. J. Koester, M. Li, Nat. Photonics 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/NPHOTON.2015.23.
- 11M. Buscema, D. J. Groenendijk, G. A. Steele, H. S. J. van der Zant, A. Castellanos-Gomez, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4651.
- 12M. Engel, M. Steiner, P. Avouris, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6414.
- 13T. Low, A. Chaves, J. D. Caldwell, A. Kumar, N. X. Fang, P. Avouris, T. F. Heinz, F. Guinea, L. Martin-Moreno, F. Koppens, Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 182.
- 14G. Zhang, S. Huang, A. Chaves, C. Song, V. O. Özçelik, T. Low, H. Yan, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14071.
- 15M. A. Huber, F. Mooshammer, M. Plankl, L. Viti, F. Sandner, L. Z. Kastner, T. Frank, J. Fabian, M. S. Vitiello, T. L. Cocker, R. Huber, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017, 12, 207.
- 16J. C. Jamieson, Science 1963, 139, 1291.
- 17A. Brown, S. Rundqvist, Acta Crystallogr. 1965, 19, 684.
- 18H. Liu, Y. Du, Y. Deng, P. D. Ye, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2732.
- 19S. Lange, P. Schmidt, T. Nilges, Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 4028.
- 20H. Krebs, H. Weitz, K. H. Z. Worms, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1955, 280, 119.
- 21R. A. Doganov, E. C. T. O'Farrell, S. P. Koenig, Y. Yeo, A. Ziletti, A. Carvalho, D. K. Campbell, D. F. Coker, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6647.
- 22J. D. Wood, S. A. Wells, D. Jariwala, K.-S. Chen, E. Cho, V. K. Sangwan, X. Liu, L. J. Lauhon, T. J. Marks, M. C. Hersam, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6964.
- 23L. Liang, J. Wang, W. Lin, B. G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, M. Pan, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6400.
- 24J. D. Wood, S. A. Wells, D. Jariwala, K.-S. Chen, E. Cho, V. K. Sangwan, X. Liu, L. J. Lauhon, T. J. Marks, M. C. Hersam, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6964.
- 25D. Hanlon, C. Backes, E. Doherty, C. S. Cucinotta, N. C. Berner, C. Boland, K. Lee, A. Harvey, P. Lynch, Z. Gholamvand, S. Zhang, K. Wang, G. Moynihan, A. Pokle, Q. M. Ramasse, N. McEvoy, W. J. Blau, J. Wang, G. Abellan, F. Hauke, A. Hirsch, S. Sanvito, D. D. O'Regan, G. S. Duesberg, V. Nicolosi, J. N. Coleman, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8563.
- 26Y. Subburaj, K. Cosentino, M. Axmann, E. Pedrueza-Villalmanzo, E. Hermann, S. Bleicken, J. Spatz, A. J. García-Sáez, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6647.
- 27J. Kang, J. D. Wood, S. A. Wells, J.-H. Lee, X. Liu, K.-S. Chen, M. C. Hersam, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 3596.
- 28G. Abellán, V. Lloret, U. Mundloch, M. Marcia, C. Neiss, A. Görling, M. Varela, F. Hauke, A. Hirsch, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14557.
- 29S. Iijima, Nature 1991, 354, 56.
- 30Y. Wu, P. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3165.
- 31J. Li, J. Yuan, D. M. Tang, S. B. Zhang, M. Y. Li, Y. F. Guo, Y. Tsujimoto, T. Hatano, S. Arisawa, D. Golberg, H. B. Wang, K. Yamaura, E. Takayama-Muromachi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 4068.
- 32J. B. Smith, D. Hagaman, D. DiGuiseppi, R. Schweitzer-Stenner, H.-F. Ji, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 11829.
