Unconstrained and constrained motion control of a planar two-link structurally flexible robotic manipulator
B.-O. Choi
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
K. Krishnamurthy
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249Search for more papers by this authorB.-O. Choi
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
K. Krishnamurthy
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, Missouri 65401–0249Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Unconstrained and constrained motion control of a planar two-link structurally-flexible robotic manipulator are considered in this study. The dynamic model is obtained by using the extended Hamilton's principle and the Galerkin criterion. A method is presented to obtain the linearized equations of motion in Cartesian space for use in designing the control system. The approach to solving the control problem is to use feedforward and feedback control torques. The feedforward torques maneuver the flexible manipulator along a nominal trajectory and the feedback torques minimize any deviations from the nominal trajectory. The feedforward and feedback torques are obtained by solving the inverse dynamics problem for the rigid manipulator and designing linear quadratic Gaussian with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) compensators, respectively. The LQG/LTR design methodology is exploited to design a robust feedback control system that can handle modeling errors and sensor noise, and operate on Cartesian space trajectory errors. Computer simulated results are presented for an example planar, two-link, structurally flexible robotic manipulator. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
References
- 1 J. A. Maples, “ Force control of robotic manipulators with structural flexibility,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1985.
- 2 J. A. Maples and J. J. Becker, “ Experiments in force control of robotic manipulators,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1986, pp. 695–702.
- 3 D. E. Whitney, “Historical perspective and state of the art in robot force control,” Int. J. of Robotics Research, 6, 3–14, 1987.
- 4 C. H. An and J. M. Hollerbach, “The role of dynamic models in Cartesian force control of manipulators,” Int. J. of Robotics Research, 8, 51–72, 1989.
- 5 S. W. Tilley and R. H. Cannon, Jr., “ Experiments on end-point position and force control of a flexible arm with a fast wrist,” Proc. of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conf., 1986, pp. 41–49.
- 6 S. W. Tilley, R. H. Cannon, Jr., and R. Kraft, “ End point force control of a very flexible manipulator with a fast end effector,” in Robotics: Theory and Application, F. W. Paul and K. Youcef-toumi, eds., ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 1986, DSC-Vol. 3, pp. 1–9.
- 7 G.-W. Fan and I. A. Castelazo, “ Force control in flexible manipulators,” Proc. of the USA-Japan Symposium on Flexible Automation, 1988, pp. 361–368.
- 8 F. Matsuno, Y. Sakawa and T. Asano, “ Quasi-static hybrid position/force control of a flexible manipulator,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1991, pp. 2838–2843.
- 9 B. C. Chiou and M. Shahinpoor, “ The effects of joint and link flexibilities on the dynamic stability of force-controlled manipulators,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1989, pp. 398–403.
- 10 B. C. Chiou and M. Shahinpoor, “Dynamic stability analysis of a two-link force-controlled flexible manipulator,” ASME J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and, Control, 112, 661–666, 1990.
- 11 J. K. Salisbury, “ Active stiffness control of a manipulator in Cartesian coordinates,” Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on the Decision and Control, 1980, pp. 383–388.
- 12 D. E. Whitney, “ Force feedback control of manipulator fine motions,” ASME J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 91–98, 1977.
- 13 M. H. Raibert and J. J. Craig, “Hybrid position/force control of manipulators,” ASME J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 102, 126–133, 1981.
- 14 B. C. Chiou and M. Shahinpoor, “ Experimental and theoretical observations on the dynamic stability of a one-link force-controlled flexible manipulator,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1991, pp. 1208–1213.
- 15 S. D. Eppinger and W. P. Seering, “ On dynamic models of robot force control,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1986, pp. 29–34.
- 16 F. G. Pfeiffer, “ Path and force control of elastic manipulators,” Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, 1990, pp. 514–519.
- 17 K. Richter and F. G. Pfeiffer, “ A flexible link manipulator as a force measuring and controlling unit,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1991, pp. 1214–1219.
- 18 R. P. Paul and B. Shimano, “ Compliance and control,” Proc. of the Joint Automatic Control Conf., 1976, pp. 694–699.
- 19 N. Hogan, “Impedance control: An approach to manipulation: Part I-III,” ASME J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 107, 1–24, 1985.
- 20 R. J. Anderson and M. W. Spong, “Hybrid impedance control of robotic manipulators,” IEEE J. of Robotics and Automation, 4, 549–556, 1988.
- 21 T. J. Tarn, A. K. Bejczy, and X. Yun, “ Robot arm force control through system linearization by nonlinear feedback,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1988, pp. 1618–1625.
- 22 J. DeSchutter and H. Van Brussel, “Compliant robot motion II: A control approach based on external control loops,” Int. J. of Robotics Research, 7, 18–33, 1988.
- 23 G. Stein and M. Athans, “The LQG/LTR procedure for multivariable feedback control design,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, AC-32, 105–114, 1987.
- 24 M. Athans, “ A tutorial on the LQG/LTR method,” Proc. of American Control Conf., 1986, pp. 1289–1296.
- 25 W. H. Pfeil, M. Athans, and H. A. Spang, III, “ Multi-variable control of the GE T700 engine using the LQG/LTR design methodology,” Proc. of American Control Conf., 1986, pp. 1297–1312.
- 26 A. A. Rodriguez and M. Athans, “ Multivariable control of a twin lift helicopter system using the LQG/LTR design methodology,” Proc. of American Control Conf., 1986, pp. 1325–1332.
- 27 M. Athans, P. Kapasouris, E. Kappos, and H. A. Spang, III, “Linear-quadratic Gaussian with loop-transfer recovery methodology for the F-100 engine,” J. of Guidance, 9, 45–52, 1986.
- 28 S. Garg, “ Turbofan engine control system design using the LQG/LTR methodology,” Proc. of American Control Conf., 1989, pp. 134–141.
- 29 D. B. Ridgely, S. S. Banada, T. E. McQuade, and P. J. Lynch, “Linear-quadratic Gaussian with loop-transfer recovery methodology for an unmanned aircraft,” J. of Guidance, 10, 82–89, 1987.
- 30 R. J. Martin, L. Valavani, and M. Athans, “ Multivariable control of a submersible using the LQG/LTR design methodology,” Proc. of American Control Conf., 1986, pp. 1313–1324.
- 31 B.-O. Choi and K. Krishnamurthy, “Flexible robotic manipulators for contact tasks: Modeling issues,” Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Computing, 2, 1002–1008, 1993.
- 32 L. S. Ward, “ Dynamics and control of a nonlinear flexible manipulator,” M.S. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1986.
- 33 Y. F. Zheng and H. Hemami, “Mathematical modeling of a robot collision with its environment,” J. of Robotic Systems, 2, 289–307, 1985.
- 34 R. Volpe and P. Khosla, “ Experimental verification of a strategy for impact control,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1991, pp. 1854–1860.
- 35 B. V. Chapnik, G. R. Heppler, and J. D. Aplevich, “ Controlling the impact response of a one-link flexible robotic arm,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1990, pp. 1444–1449.
- 36 T. R. Kane, R. R. Ryan, and A. K. Banerjee, “Dynamics of a cantilever beam attached to a moving base,” J. of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 10, 139–151, 1987.
- 37 J. C. Doyle and G. Stein, “Multivariable feedback design: Concepts for a classical/modern synthesis,” IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, AC-26, 4–16, 1981.
- 38 E. Bayo, “ Computed torque for the position control of open-chain flexible robots,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 1988, pp. 346–351.
- 39 G. G. Hastings and W. J. Book, “ Experiments in optimal control of a flexible arm,” Proc. of American Control Conference, 1985, pp. 728–729.
- 40 D. Nemir, A. J. Koivo, and R. L. Kashyap, “ Control of gripper position of a complaint link using strain gauge measurements,” Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, 1986, pp. 1140–1144.
- 41 W. Yim and M. Trabia, “ Control of a robot with elastic links using nonlinear feedback and dynamic joint angle modification,” in Sensors and Controls for Manufacturing, E. Kannatey, Y. Koren, and J. L. Stein, eds., ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 1988, PED-Vol. 33, pp. 163–173.
- 42 A. De Luca et al. “ Control experiments on a two-link robot with a flexible forearm,” Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control, 1990, pp. 520–527.
- 43 N. G. Chalhoub and A. G. Ulsoy, “ Control of a flexible robot arm: Experimental and theoretical results,” in Modeling and Control of Robotic Manipulators and Manufacturing Processes, R. Shoureshi, K. Youcef-toumi, and H. Kazerooni, Eds., ASME Winter Annual Meeting, 1987, DSC-Vol. 6, pp. 287–295.
- 44 W.-J. Wang, S.-S. Lu and C.-F. Hsu, “Experiments on the position control of a one-link flexible robot arm,” IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation, 5, 373–377, 1989.