RESEARCH ARTICLE
Thymol in Trachyspermum ammi seed extract exhibits neuroprotection, learning, and memory enhancement in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Binod Timalsina,
Md Nazmul Haque,
Ho Jin Choi,
Raju Dash,
Il Soo Moon,
Binod Timalsina
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorMd Nazmul Haque
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
Search for more papers by this authorHo Jin Choi
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorRaju Dash
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Il Soo Moon
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Correspondence
Il Soo Moon, Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBinod Timalsina,
Md Nazmul Haque,
Ho Jin Choi,
Raju Dash,
Il Soo Moon,
Binod Timalsina
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorMd Nazmul Haque
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
Search for more papers by this authorHo Jin Choi
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorRaju Dash
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Il Soo Moon
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
Correspondence
Il Soo Moon, Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Several reports have stated the neuroprotective and learning/memory effects of Tachyspermum ammi seed extract (TASE) and its principal component thymol; however, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms and neurogenesis potential. This study aimed to provide insights into TASE and a thymol-mediated multifactorial therapeutic approach in a scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model. TASE and thymol supplementation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers such as brain glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde in mouse whole brain homogenates. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly downregulated, whereas the elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (serine 9) enhanced learning and memory in the TASE- and thymol-treated groups. A significant reduction in the accumulation of Aβ 1–42 peptides was observed in the brains of TASE- and thymol-treated mice. Furthermore, TASE and thymol significantly promoted adult neurogenesis, with increased doublecortin positive neurons in the subgranular and polymorphic zones of the dentate gyrus in treated-mice. Collectively, TASE and thymol could potentially act as natural therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| ptr7777-sup-0001-FigureS1.docxWord 2007 document , 316.3 KB | Figure S1: Quantification of oxidative stress markers in the brain lysate of treatment groups. (a) Total Glutathione; (b) Oxidized glutathione; (c) Free glutathione; (d) Peroxide; and (e) Lipid peroxidation (MDA level) in the normal and extract or compound treated groups. Data are represented as mean ± SD. Normal: vehicle; Stigmasterol: Stigmasterol 10 mg/kg; TASE 250: TASE 250 mg/kg; TASE 500: TASE 500 mg/kg; Thymol 50: Thymol 50 mg/kg; Thymol 100: Thymol 100 mg/kg. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc test) represent the difference between scopolamine-only and treatments groups. (n = 3 mouse brain lysate per group for each analysis). |
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