Crystal structure of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase reconstituted with the modified fad present in alcohol oxidase from methylotrophic yeasts: Evidence for an arabinoflavin

The flavin prosthetic group (FAD) of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens was replaced by a stereochemical analog, which is spontaneously formed from natural FAD in alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts. Reconstitution of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from apoprotein and modified FAD is a rapid process complete within seconds. Crystals of the enzyme–substrate complex of modified FAD-containing p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase diffract to 2.1 Å resolution. The crystal structure provides direct evidence for the presence of an arabityl sugar chain in the modified form of FAD. The isoalloxazine ring of the arabinoflavin adenine dinucleotide (a-FAD) is located in a cleft outside the active site as recently observed in several other p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase complexes.

Like the native enzyme, a-FAD-containing p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase preferentially binds the phenolate form of the substrate (pK_a = 7.2). The substrate acts as an effector highly stimulating the rate of enzyme reduction by NADPH (k_red > 500 s⁻¹). The oxidative part of the catalytic cycle of a-FAD-containing p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase differs from native enzyme. Partial uncoupling of hydroxylation results in the formation of about 0.3 mol of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 0.7 mol of hydrogen peroxide per mol NADPH oxidized. It is proposed that flavin motion in p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase is important for efficient reduction and that the flavin “out” conformation is associated with the oxidase activity.