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G proteins: Critical control points for transmembrane signals
Eva J. Neer,
Corresponding Author
Eva J. Neer
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorEva J. Neer,
Corresponding Author
Eva J. Neer
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) that are made up of α and βγy subunits couple many kinds of cell-surface receptors to intracellular effector enzymes or ion channels. Every cell contains several types of receptors, G proteins, and effectors. The specificity with which G protein subunits interact with receptors and effectors defines the range of responses a cell is able to make to an external signal. Thus, the G proteins act as a critical control point that determines whether a signal spreads through several pathways or is focused to a single pathway. In this review, I will summarize some features of the structure and function of mammalian G protein subunits, discuss the role of both a and by subunits in regulation of effectors, the role of the βγ subunit in macromolecular assembly, and the mechanisms that might make some responses extremely specific and others rather diffuse.
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