Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality-descriptive adjectives
Corresponding Author
Boris Mlačić
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Marulićev trg 19/1, p.p. 277, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Boris Mlačić
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Marulićev trg 19/1, p.p. 277, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This paper describes the development of a comprehensive taxonomy of Croatian personality-descriptive terms, organized in three studies. In the first study three judges searched through a standard dictionary of the Croatian language for person-descriptive terms. In the second study, personality-descriptive adjectives were classified by seven judges into 13 different categories of descriptors. In the third study, the 483 adjectives that the majority of judges in the second study classified as dispositions were rated for self-descriptions by 515 University of Zagreb students and for peer-descriptions by 513 students' best acquaintances. Self- and peer ratings were factor analysed separately and the Croatian emic lexical factors from both data sets were interpreted to be similar to the Big-Five factors: Agreeableness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Intellect, and Emotional Stability. The inspection of factor content of the Croatian emic factors and their relation to imported Big-Five measures revealed high correspondences for all five Croatian factors although the relation between the Croatian and the imported factors of Emotional Stability and Agreeableness was somewhat more complex. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REFERENCES
- Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47 (Whole No. 211).
- Angleitner, A., Ostendorf, F., & John, O. P. (1990). Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors in German: A psycho-lexical study. European Journal of Personality, 4, 89–118.
- Anić, V. (1991). Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika [Dictionary of Croatian language]. Zagreb: Novi Liber.
- Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327–353.
- Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., & De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356–366.
- Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Son, C. (2000). Honesty as the sixth factor of personality: Correlations with machiavellianism, primary psychopathy, and social adroitness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 359–368.
- Boies, K., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Pascal, S., & Nicol, A. A. M. (2001). The structure of the French personality lexicon. European Journal of Personality, 15, 277–295.
- Bujas, S., & Filipović, Z. (1977). Langenscheidtov univerzalni rječnik. Hrvatsko–engleski i englesko–hrvatski [Langenscheidt's universal dictionary. Croatian–English and English–Croatian]. Zagreb: Mladost.
- Bujas, Ž. (1983). Hrvatsko–engleski enciklopedijski rječnik. Prvi svezak. [Croatian–English encyclopedic dictionary. Volume I]. Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske.
- Bujas, Ž. (1989). Hrvatsko-engleski enciklopedijski rječnik. Drugi svezak. [Croatian–English encyclopedic dictionary. Volume II]. Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske.
- Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
- Caprara, G. V., & Perugini, M. (1994). Personality described by adjectives: Generalizability of the Big Five to the Italian lexical context. European Journal of Personality, 8, 357–369.
- Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476–507.
10.1037/h0054116 Google Scholar
- Cattell, R. B. (1945). The description of personality: Principles and findings in a factor analysis. The American Journal of Psychology, 58, 69–90.
- Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., & Reyes, J. A. S. (1998). Further exploration of Filipino personality structure using the lexical approach: Do the big-five or big-seven dimensions emerge? European Journal of Personality, 12, 249–269.
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the Five-Factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 258–265.
- De Raad, B. (1992). The replicability of the Big-Five personality dimensions in three word-classes of the Dutch language. European Journal of Personality, 6, 15–29.
- De Raad, B. (1994). An expedition in search of a fifth universal factor: Key issues in the lexical approach. European Journal of Personality, 8, 229–250.
- De Raad, B. (1995). The psycholexical approach to the structure of interpersonal traits. European Journal of Personality, 9, 89–102.
- De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five personality factors: The psycholexical approach to personality. Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber.
- Di Blas, L., & Forzi, M. (1998). An alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language. European Journal of Personality, 12, 75–101.
- Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure. Emergence of the Five-Factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440.
- Everett, J. E. (1983). Factor comparability as a means of determining the number of factors and their rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 197–218.
- Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences. A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.
10.1007/978-1-4613-2413-3 Google Scholar
- Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329–344.
- Funder, D. C., & Colvin, C. R. (1997). Congruence of others' and self-judgments of personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 617–647). San Diego: Academic.
10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50025-1 Google Scholar
- Galton, F. (1884). Measurement of character. Fortnightly Review, 36, 179–185.
- Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 141–165). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Goldberg, L. R. (1982). From ace to zombie. Some explorations in the language of personality. In C. D. Spielberger, & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 1, pp. 203–234). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative ‘Description of personality’: The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.
- Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42.
10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 Google Scholar
- Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26–34.
- Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwith, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
- Goldberg, L. R., & Rosolack, T. K. (1994). The Big-Five structure as an integrative framework: An empirical comparison with Eysenck's P–E–N model. In C. F. Halverson, G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 7–35). New York: Erlbaum.
- Goldberg, L. R., & Somer, O. (2000). The hierarchical structure of common Turkish person-descriptive adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 14, 497–531.
- Hřebíčková, M., Ostendorf, F., & Angleitner, A. (1994). Slawische und Germanische Persönlichkeitssprache: Vergleich der Ergebnisse einer Tchechischen und Einer Deutschen Taxonomie [Slavic and Germanic personality language: A comparison of the findings from the Czech and the German taxonomy], presented at the 39th Kongress der Deutschen Gesselschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg.
- John, O. P. (1990). The ‘Big Five’ factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 66–100). New York: Guilford.
- John, O. P., Angleitner, A., & Ostendorf, F. (1988). The lexical approach to personality: A historical review of trait taxonomic research. European Journal of Personality, 2, 171–203.
- John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality. Theory and research ( 2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford.
- Kallasmaa, T., Allik, J., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2000). The Estonian version of the NEO-PI-R: An examination of universal and culture-specific aspects of the five-factor model. European Journal of Personality, 14, 265–278.
- Knezović, Z., Mlačić, B., & Bubaš, G. (1998). Big-Five studies in Croatia: Big-Five relations with other personality instruments. In J. Bermudez, B. De Raad, J. De Vries, A. M. Pérez-Garcia, A. Sánchez-Elvira, & G. L. Van Heck (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 6, pp. 51–62). Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
- McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.
- McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989a). Reinterpreting the Myers–Briggs type indicator from the perspective of the Five-Factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57, 17–40.
- McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1989b). The structure of interpersonal traits. Wiggins's circumplex and the Five-Factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4), 586–595.
- Mlačić, B., & Knezović, Z. (1997). Struktura i relacije Big-Five markera i Eysenckova upitnika ličnosti: emprijska usporedba dvaju strukturalnih modela ličnosti [The structure and relations of the Big-Five markers and Eysenck's personality questionnaire: Empirical comparison of two structural personality models]. Društvena istraživanja, 6, 1–21.
- Mlačić, B., & Knezović, Z. (2000). Utjecaj rasporeda čestica na faktorsku strukturu i skalne rezultate Goldbergovih markera: prilog međukulturalnoj validaciji velepetorog modela ličnosti [The effect of item formats on factor structure and scale scores of Goldberg's markers: A contribution to cross-cultural validation of the Big-Five model]. Društvena istraživanja, 9, 633–661.
- Norman, W. T. (1967). 2800 personality trait descriptors: Normative operating characterstics for a university population. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.
- Ostendorf, F. (1990). Sprache und Persönlichkeitstruktur: Zur Validität des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der Persönlichkeit. [Language and personality structure: Towards the validity of the Five-Factor model of personality] Regensburg, Germany: Roderer.
- Ostendorf, F. (1992). Comparing the Big Five with Eysenck's Super-Three factor model. Paper presented at the 25th International Congress of Psychology, Brussels, 1992.
- Ostendorf, F., & Angleitner, A. (1992). On the generality and comprehensiveness of the Five-Factor model of personality: Evidence for five robust factors in questionnaire data. In G. V. Caprara, & G. Van Heck (Eds.), Modern personality psychology—Critical reviews and new directions (pp. 73–109). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
- Ostendorf, F., & Angleitner, A. (1994). A comparison of different instruments proposed to measure the Big Five. European Review of Applied Psychology, 44, 45–53.
- Peabody, D., & De Raad, B. (2002). The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 983–997.
- Rolland, J. P. (1993). Validité de construct de ‘marquers’ des dimensions de personnalité du modèle en cinq facteurs [Construct validity of the markers for the dimensions of personality from the five-factor model]. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 43, 317–337.
- Saucier, G. (1992). Benchmarks: Integrating affective and interpersonal circles with the Big-Five personality factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1025–1035.
- Saucier, G. (1997). Effects of variable selection on the factor structure of person descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1296–1312.
- Saucier, G. (2003). An alternative multi-language structure for personality attributes. European Journal of Personality, 17, 179–205.
- Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (2001). Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: Premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality, 69, 847–880.
- Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (2003). The structure of personality attributes. In M. R. Barrick, & A. M. Ryan (Eds.), Personality and work: Reconsidering the role of personality in organizations (pp. 1–29). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Saucier, G., Hampson, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2000). Cross-language studies of lexical personality factors. In S. E. Hampson (Ed.), Advances in personality psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1–36). London: Routledge.
- Saucier, G., & Ostendorf, F. (1999). Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big-Five personality factors: A cross-language replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 613–627.
- Shmelyov, A. G., & Pokhil'ko, V. I. (1993). A taxonomy-oriented study of Russian personality-trait names. European Journal of Personality, 7, 1–17.
- Szarota, P. (1996). Taxonomy of the Polish personality-descriptive adjectives of the highest frequency of use. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 27, 343–351.
- Szirmak, Z., & De Raad, B. (1994). Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 8, 95–117.
- Ten Berge, J. M. F. (1999). A legitimate case of component analysis of ipsative measures, and partialling the mean as an alternative to ipsatization. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34, 89–102.
- Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1958). Stability of personality trait rating factors obtained under diverse conditions, USAF ASTIA Document No. AD 151 041. US Air Force, Lackland Air Force Base, TX.
- Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings, USAF ASD Technical Report, No. 61–97. US Air Force, Lackland Air Force Base, TX.
- Wiggins, J. S., & Trapnell, P. D. (1997). Personality structure: The Return of the Big Five. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 737–765). San Diego, CA: Academic.
10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50029-9 Google Scholar