Research Article
Why Does Frustration Predict Psychopathology? Multiple Prospective Pathways Over Adolescence: A TRAILS Study
Bertus F. Jeronimus,
Harriëtte Riese,
Albertine J. Oldehinkel,
Johan Ormel,
Corresponding Author
Bertus F. Jeronimus
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Correspondence to: Bertus Jeronimus, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorHarriëtte Riese
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAlbertine J. Oldehinkel
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJohan Ormel
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorBertus F. Jeronimus,
Harriëtte Riese,
Albertine J. Oldehinkel,
Johan Ormel,
Corresponding Author
Bertus F. Jeronimus
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Correspondence to: Bertus Jeronimus, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorHarriëtte Riese
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAlbertine J. Oldehinkel
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJohan Ormel
Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Adolescents' temperamental frustration is a developmental precursor of adult neuroticism and psychopathology. Because the mechanisms that underlie the prospective association between adolescents' high frustration and psychopathology (internalizing/externalizing) have not been studied extensively, we quantified three pathways: stress generation [mediation via selection/evocation of stressful life events (SLEs)], cross-sectional frustration-psychopathology overlap (‘carry-over’/common causes), and a direct (non-mediated) vulnerability effect of frustration, including moderation of SLE impact. Frustration and psychopathology were assessed at age 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report. No gender differences in frustration were observed. At age 19, psychopathology was reassessed by using the Adult Self-Report, while occurrence of endogenous (self-generated) and exogenous (not self-generated) SLEs during the interval (ages 16–19) were ascertained with the Life Stress Interview, an investigator-based contextual-stressfulness rating procedure (N = 957). Half of the prospective effect of frustration on psychopathology was explained by baseline overlap, including effects of ‘carry-over’ and common causes, about 5% reflected stress generation (a ‘vicious’ cycle with the environment adolescents navigate and shape), and 45% reflected unmediated association: a direct vulnerability effect including stress sensitivity or moderation of SLE impact. After adjustment for their overlap, frustration predicted the development of externalizing but not internalizing symptoms. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Supporting Information
Table S1. Model Fit Indices
Table S2. Path Coefficients
Table S3. Constraints
Table S4. Final Models: Jöreskog tests for all paths
Table S5. Indirect effects in the change in psychopathology model
Table S6. Model fit indices
Table S7. Path coefficients
Table S8. Path constraints
Table S9. Model fit indices for the externalizing factor
Table S10. Path coefficients for the externalizing factor
Table S11. Path constraints for the externalizing factor
Table S12. Model fit indices for gender-stratified models
Table S13. Path coefficients for the psychopathology model
Table S14. Psychopathology model: Path constraints and Jöreskog tests of gender-equality
Table S15. Internalizing factor stratified by gender: Path coefficients
Table S16. Internalizing factor: Constraints and Jöreskog tests for gender-equality
Table S17. Externalizing factor: Path coefficients
Table S18. Externalizing factor: Constraints and Jöreskog tests of gender-equality
Table S19. Spearman correlations of the study variables stratified by gender: Males below, women on top
Table S20. Model fit indices
Table S21. Models adjusted for socioeconomic status and gender
Table S22. Proportion explained variance (R2) in outcome predicted by frustration
Figure S1. The effect of endogenous and exogenous stressful life events on psychopathology at follow-up, stratified by frustration levels (parcelled in thirds)
Figure S2. The effect of endogenous and exogenous stressful life events on the internalizing factor at follow-up stratified by gender
Figure S3. The effect of endogenous and exogenous life events on the externalizing factor at follow-up stratified by gender
Figure S4. The association between temperamental frustration (plotted as standardized values and grouped in parcels of 33.3%) at baseline, Endogenous or Exogenous SLEs, and Psychopathology at follow-up
Figure S5. The association between temperamental frustration at baseline, Endogenous or Exogenous SLEs, and change in psychopathology between baseline and follow-up, reported in standardized values, and grouped in thirds (parcels of 33.3%)
Figure S6. The association between Frustration, concurrent Psychopathology (T1, left), or Psychopathology at follow-up (T2, right), reported in standardized values, and grouped in thirds (parcels of 33.3%)
Figure S7. The association between Frustration and Psychopathology at follow-up (T2) for women (left) or for men (right), reported in standardized values, and grouped in thirds (parcels of 33.3%)
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