Modification of porous PVC particles with PS and P(St-co-MMA) using a surfactant-free aqueous dispersion polymerization technique
S. Hammer
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorR. Tchoudakov
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorG. Mechrez
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorY. Cohen
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Narkis
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.Search for more papers by this authorS. Hammer
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorR. Tchoudakov
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorG. Mechrez
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorY. Cohen
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Narkis
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The modification of suspension-type porous polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles by an in situ stabilizer-free polymerization/crosslinking of a monomer solution absorbed within the PVC particles is presented. The modifying polymers are polystyrene (PS) and poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-MMA)) crosslinked with divinyl benzene (DVB). The effect of the unique blending procedure on the physical and mechanical properties of PVC has been investigated. The modified PVC characterization includes polymerization yield, transparency, fracture surface morphology, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical properties, tensile properties, and impact resistance. The polymer chains formed are dispersed as a separate phase observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), typical of immiscible polymer blends. Various morphologies induced by injection molding were observed including ellipsoid, bead-and-string, and thin threads morphologies, which depend on the characteristics of the components as well as the processing conditions. Thermal stability was generally increased by the incorporation of PS or P(St-co-MMA) in PVC. Mechanical properties of PVC/P(St-co-MMA) blend reveal a substantial increase in elongation at break; PVC/PS blends, however, exhibit a brittle failure. Rigidity and tensile strength of the PVC-based blends were maintained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REFERENCES
- 1 Kumaraswamy GN, Ranganathaiah C. Free volume microprobe studies on poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl chloride)/polystyrene blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2006; 46: 1231–1241.
- 2 Hayashi T, Ito J, Mitani KJ. Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer/poly(vinyl chloride) systems. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983; 28: 2867–2880.
- 3 Zhu P, Yang H, Zeng Y. Viscosity behavior of incompatible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/polystyrene (PS) blends in various solvents. Eur. Polym. J. 1999; 35: 915–921.
- 4 Dai X, Liu Z, Han B, Yang G, Zhang X, He J, Xu J, Yao M. Preparation of poly(vinyl chloride)/polystyrene miscible blends using supercritical CO2 as a swelling agent. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2002; 23: 626–629.
- 5 Haba Y, Narkis M. Development and characterization of reactively extruded PVC/polystyrene blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004; 44: 1473–1483.
- 6 Ahmad H, Al-Awadi NA, Al-Sagheer F. Morphology, thermal stability and visco-elastic properties of polystyrene–poly(vinyl chloride) blends. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2007; 92: 1025–1033.
- 7 McNeill IC, Neil D, Guyot A, Bert M, Michel A. Thermal degradation of graft copolymers of PVC prepared by mastication with styrene and methyl methacrylate, and of further PVC mixtures and vinyl chloride copolymers. Eur. Polym. J. 1971; 7: 453–469.
- 8 Dodson B, McNeill IC. Degradation of polymer mixtures. VI. Blends of poly (vinyl chloride) with polystyrene. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 1976; 14: 353–364.
- 9 Kaminska A, Sanyal S, Kaczmarek H. Thermal and photochemical stability of polystyrene and its blends with polyvinyl chloride. II. Photochemical transformation in polystyrene blends with polyvinyl chloride, and their thermal stability. J. Therm. Anal. 1989; 35: 2135–2141.
- 10 Yao Q, Wilkie CA. Thermal degradation of PVC in the presence of polystyrene. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 2001; 7: 26–36.
- 11 Saroop UK, Sharma KK, Jain KK, Misra A, Maiti SN. Studies on the polyblends of poly(vinyl chloride) with various methacrylate copolymers, physical and mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1989; 38: 1401–1419.
- 12 Flores R, Perez J, Cassagnau P, Michel A, Cavaille JY. Dynamic-mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer blend. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996; 60: 1439–1453.
- 13 Li W, Shi L, Shen D, Zheng J. On the interactions and miscibility of PVC/PMMA blends. Polym. Int. 1992; 27: 57–62.
- 14 Walsh D, McKeown JG. Compatibility of polyacrylates and polymethacrylates with poly(vinyl chloride). Part 1: compatibility and temperature variation. Polymer 1980; 21: 1330–1334.
- 15 Kögler G, Mitau PA. Two-dimensional NMR studies of intermolecular interactions in poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(methl methacrylate) mixtures. Macromolecules 1992; 25: 598–604.
- 16 Rajulu AV, Reddy RL, Raghavendra SM, Ahmed SA. Miscibility of PVC/PMMA blend by the ultrasonic and refractive index method. Eur. Polym. J. 1999; 35: 1183–1186.
- 17 Schurer JW, Dedoer A, Challa G. Influence of tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the compatibility with poly (vinyl chloride). Polymer 1975; 16: 201–204.
- 18 Vanderschueren J, Janssens A, Ladang M, Niezette J. Effect of tacticity on the transition behaviour of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl chloride) blends. Thermally stimulated depolarization study. Polymer 1982; 23: 395–400.
- 19 Vorenkamp EJ, Ten Brinke G, Meijer JG, Jager H, Challa G. Influence of the tactivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the miscibility with poly(vinyl chloride). Polymer 1985; 26: 1725–1732.
- 20 Hammer S, Tzur A, Cohen Y, Narkis M. Modification of porous PVC particles with polyacrylate elastomers using a surfactant-free aqueous dispersion polymerization technique. Polym. Eng. Sci. submitted.
- 21 Narkis M, Shach-Caplan M, Haba Y, Silverstein MS. PVC modification through polymerization of a monomer absorbed in porous suspension-type PVC. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 2004; 10: 109–120.
- 22 Fisa B, Favis BD, Bourgeois S. Injection molding of polypropylene/polycarbonate blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1990; 30: 1051–1055.
- 23 Ghiam F, White JL. Phase morphology of injection-molded blends of nylon-6 and polyethylene and comparison with compression molding. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991; 31: 76–83.
- 24 Zhong G-J, Li Z-M. Injection molding-induced morphology of thermoplastic polymer blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2005; 45: 1655–1665.
- 25 Lee M-P, Hilter A, Baer E. Formation and break-up of a bead-and-string structure during injection moulding of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blend. Polymer 1992a; 33: 675–684.
- 26 Lee M-P, Hilter A, Baer E. Phase morphology of injection-moulded polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. Polymer 1992; 33: 685–697.
- 27 Li J, Zhang X, Qu C, Zhang Q, Du R, Fu Q. Hierarchy structure in injection molded polypropylene/ethylene- octane copolymer blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007; 105: 2252–2259.
- 28 Elemans PHM, Bos HL, Janssen JMH, Meijer HEH. Transient phenomena in dispersive mixing. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1993; 48: 267–276.
- 29 Janssen JMH, Meijer HEH. Droplet breakup mechanisms:stepwise equilibrium versus transient dispersion. J. Rheol. 1993; 37: 597–608.
- 30 Guo S, Ait-Kadi A. A study on weld line morphology and mechanical strength of injection molded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002; 84: 1856–1865.
- 31 Zhao C, Wu G, Zhou C, Yang H, Zhang H. Independence of the brittle-ductile transition from the rubber particle size for impact-modified poly(vinyl chloride). J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 2006; 44: 696–702.
- 32 Shach-Caplan M, Grader G, Kehat E. Adv. Env. Res. 1997; 1: 234.
- 33 Nielsen LE, Lander RF. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: NY, USA, 1994.
- 34 Hayashi T, Ito J, Mitani KJ. Dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer/poly(vinyl chloride) systems. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983; 28: 2867–2880.
- 35 Sun S, Li C, Zhang L, Du HL, Burnell-Gray JS. Effects of surface modification of fumed silica on interfacial structures and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) composites. Eur. Polym. J. 2006; 42: 1643–1652.
- 36 Haba Y, Narkis M. Development and characterization of reactive extruded PVC/polyacrylate blends. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2005; 16: 495–504.
- 37 Nielsen LE. Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Reinhold: NY, 1962.
- 38 Bikales NM. Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Wiley-Interscience: NY, 1971.
- 39 Takaki A, Narisawa I, Kuriyama T. Izod impact strength of a product molded of poly(vinyl chloride)/impact modifier containing voids (void MOD). Polym. Eng. Sci. 2001; 41: 575–583.
