Thank you, COVID-19: Positive social psychology towards the new normal
Abstract
During the time being, while everybody else is busy conversing about the adverse effects of COVID-19, researchers solemnly look forward to intensifying the positive effects of COVID-19 on political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and ethical (PESTEL) aspects, as it was unrevealed. The FGD (Focus Group Discussion) and Delphi methods were conducted from April 2020 to January 2021 through the online platform to collect the data. In this research, 40 graduates from 40 families were taken as our sample size who carried out the opinions of their family members. The average duration of the interview was 30–40 min. This article highlighted that COVID-19 has some positive effects on social-psychological aspects (PESTEL) and, people are trying to adapt to new practices (New Normal) to improve their lifestyles against the deadly virus. COVID-19 would pass, but life will never be the same; thus, researchers conduct the research based on a country, which may not be similar to the other cultures and countries' perceptions. This is the first and foremost study on the positive effects of covid-19 and a guideline to cope with any pandemic in the near future. The study's findings are intended to assist the community in developing positive social psychology to call the covid-19 into question and look forward to a new standard.
1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
COVID-19 was one of the most researchable topics in early 2020, which caused drastic changes in all aspects of human life. These changes affected all fields of business, educational institutions, social life, and so on (Magomedov et al., 2020). Moreover, people are developing different psychology due to the reforms, which brought both negative and positive influences. As a result, it will be remembered as an event that nearly killed millions of people while also ushering in new developments into everyday life. It has created the assumption that no nation can isolate itself from a global crisis because of the rapid spread of this virus worldwide. There is no geographic boundary recognized by the effects of COVID, that is, no country is exempt (Rahaman et al., 2020). It is expected that COVID-19 would leave a scar on the lives of people, regardless of any generation. Wuhan, a city in China, was the first place where, on 31 December 2019 (WHO), the World Health Organization (WHO) officially monitored the case of COVID-19, leading the world to dramatic turmoil. Covid-19 is now widely recognized as the cause behind this deadly respiratory syndrome (“CO” remains for corona, “VI” for the virus, “D” for disease, and 19 mentions the year 2019), and it is a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The phylogenetic study explained that at the Huanan wet market in Wuhan City, China, it is most likely from the animal Bats and transferred to some other animal until it came to the human body (Lu et al., 2020; Andersen et al., 2020). The entire planet has been halted, and the total number of contaminated cases worldwide is 85,737,019 up to 4th January 2021, and the total number of deaths is 1,854,875 (Google Covid-19 alert, n.d.).
Covid-19 has not impacted our lives in any good but adverse way, beginning from the sudden outbreak of the global pandemic to the death of the uncountable number of people because of the disease to the economic devastation. Sadly, the pandemic condition has taken away so much from us. We lost our loved ones, were unemployed, poor people were suffering for food, and the world had to face a significant recession (Giommoni & Loumeau, 2020). We noted how difficult it was to deal with coronavirus spreading. People had to suffer a great deal by dint of the lockdown. By canceling all-important meetings and activities, individuals had to remain at home. For a long time, the Covid-19 pandemic placed people under a lot of stress. As a result, researchers have been increasingly involved in analyzing social and community disturbances to provide psychological support to the general people (Saladino et al., 2020). This increased attention could help with the current situation as well as other possible epidemics and pandemics. Individuals' responses to the security measures to fight the pandemic differed depending on their social status. COVID-19 may be the topic of a discussion. Is it likely that such a strong event-pandemic would have a good outcome for us humans in the end? And, although the answer may be mentioned clearly, the consequences will be revealed in full in the future. However, examining current affairs, some of the COVID-19's touched pieces can be redefined or changed in the right direction.
We acknowledged that some positive effects also taught us some treasured lessons, regardless of how many negative impacts there are. Human minds will continue to have a long-lasting effect, and, in particular, the younger generation will be conscious of seeking a better future. We still have compassion on earth during the crisis as people marched ahead to support the needy and set great examples. It is entirely correct that we raced blindly behind worldly possessions and ignored our surroundings. During the time being, while everybody else is busy conversing about the adverse effects of COVID-19, researchers solemnly look forward to intensifying the positive sides of COVID-19 that went unrevealed by us along with we have justified these effects as positive psychology considering PESTEL (Political, Economic, Societal, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) model. However, how we react to the current pandemic and other emergencies is entirely up to us. How we respond, whether positively or negatively, will directly affect our personal and social lives. There are many lessons to be learned from this crisis that can be applied to creating a better society. Our ability to adapt, manage resilience in the face of adversity, flexibility, and imagination will decide how open we are to change if we are not forced to. When people return to work, education, and more normal life, we will have to adjust to a new standard as long as the world does not find a safe and effective vaccine.
Much research has already been conducted about the positive effects of COVID-19 in various aspects; education (Magomedov et al., 2020), environment (Khan et al., 2020; Ming et al., 2020; Mohamed et al., 2020), economics (Karunathilake, 2020), politics (Balmford et al., 2020) technology, and many hidden aspects can also be found (Karunathilake, 2020). In this study, researchers tried to blend the positive effects of COVID-19 through PESTEL. Though the problem is not yet explored or generalized to the mass people properly, researchers should focus intensely on the issue. Researchers expect the study's outcome will help the community develop positive social psychology to challenge the COVID-19 and look forward to new normal.
2 POSITIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PESTEL FRAMEWORK
In recent years, a branch of psychology (Positive psychology) gained popularity which can be described as “the science and practice of enhancing well-being” (Brani et al., 2014). However, though the branch has grown in demand, it has also come under some limitations, with one of the most common criticisms being that it does not pay enough attention to the social context of well-being (Becker & Marecek, 2008). This article argues that we should think of this new wave of socially-focused well-being programs as a sub-discipline of positive psychology called “positive social psychology.” Positive social psychology is essential for business, people, and managers to make their workplaces enjoyable (Lomas et al., 2019). In this current study, researchers used the unique concept of positive psychology to recover the human being's mental strength during the COVID-19. Around the world, people are feeling mentally innocent and complete. Nobody in our past generation did face such disasters before, the COVID-19, which is genuinely new and unique. To date, there are pathways for discovering the vaccine of COVID-19 (Bhuiyan, 2020a). The number of patients is somewhere increasing and somewhere decreasing. The WHO declares, the effects of COVID-19 will never go out from the world. Still, necessary precautions can defend against the deadly virus, that is, washing hands properly, using a face mask and no sneezing, and so on. People nowadays are more concerned about precautionary measures. Several researchers have found many suicidal cases because of the adverse effects of the COVID-19 (Thakur & Jain, 2020). But researchers suggest developing positive social psychology to handle the pandemic COVID-19 (Anjankar Ashish et al., 2020). The current study focuses on assessing the changes in human psychology from negative to positive in PESTEL learning from the COVID-19.
Researchers considered “the world” as a macro perspective. The immediate question that can arise when concentrating on positive impacts is the beneficial impacts in a global pandemic situation? There are theoretical viewpoints and a methodology called functionalism or functional perspective in sociological terms. This theory may be used to examine the effects of social action (Knudsen, 2010). However, researchers tried to analyses the macro-environment of the world. It is necessary to identify the factors that significantly affect the macro-environment (Johnson & Scholes, 1993). PEST analysis is one of the most usable frameworks that enforce environmental influences by political, economic, social, and technological forces. The fundamental objective of the PEST framework is to review a particular situation. Afterward, earlier researchers find environmental and legal forces as a considerable contributor and extend PEST to PESTEL (Kotler, 1998). In this research, we also used the existing PESTEL framework. Thus, PESTEL framework has been used to highlight the positive effects of COVID-19.
3 RESEARCH METHODS, TECHNIQUES, AND TOOLS
In this research, 40 graduate students from 40 families were taken as our sample size. We purposively selected these 40 graduate students from those 40 families to discuss the positive social effects of COVID-19 as an inclusive interview. Each of our chosen graduates carried out the opinions of their family members. The FGD, and Delphi methods were conducted from April 2020 to January 2021 through the online platform, and the average duration of the interview was 30–40 min. FGD allows the participants (at least 6–10) to make the discussion dynamic and user-friendly by sharing the opinions, perceptions, experiences, exchanges of attitudes (Young et al., 2001). The researchers arranged five focus group discussions (FGDs); each group consists of eight members; group members were selected randomly. During the FGDs' researchers discussed the concepts, summary from the inclusive interview (Rahaman et al., 2021), and their views on the positive effects of COVID-19. The group leaders (FGD) appeared in the face to face interview because they belong to a family and have the same experience along with they have collected rest of the members' opinion (Dana, 2007). Later on, other stakeholders' opinions on the same have carried on checking and finding out the balanced view. Researchers developed some open-ended questions constructed from the PESTEL framework.
The Delphi Technique used in research because the problem is not sufficient or relatively unexplored, highly contextual and specific, hard to define quickly, and future-oriented (Ziglio, 1995). Using The Delphi Techniques in research must ensure the expert panel's capable members with written responses (Delbecq et al., 1975) because the interview or survey findings significantly affect the reliability and validity of the research. In this study, researchers considered the family members as the expert members for the Delphi Techniques. The researcher finds the experts who meet the two general criteria, first, who know the COVID-19 and who can play a significant role in their family. This method helps the researcher reach aggregate judgment and decision making (Delbecq et al., 1975). During the data collection, experts do not meet face-to-face (Dana, 2011) rather than a set of questions related to the positive effects of COVID-19 sent to them to reach the decision. The summary of the responses again sent to the participants along with new questions, if any. This process continues until the researchers get sufficient information collected or group consensus achieved (Dana & Anderson, 2007).
The interviews were conducted in English and Bangla languages. Researchers used NVivo software to note the essential themes of the positive effects of COVID 19. To avoid the differences in coding and meet the saturation, researchers review the coding many times. We have gathered secondary data from journal articles, published papers, books, and various websites in addition to the primary data. The participants' demographic information is not mentioned anywhere, no manipulation of data and acknowledging all the sources properly.
3.1 Ethical consideration
We have taken the necessary permissions from all the respondents, that we will use the data for our research purpose.
4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Political perspective; changing the scenario
Among lower-level individuals in underdeveloped and developing countries, there is a significant financial crisis as a result local leaders have come forward to support the vulnerable in that situation (Bhalla, 2021).Political parties are learning how to cope with any disaster like coronavirus and how to handle it in the future [G#3]
Political leaders are unwilling to gather with the people. They cannot make the procession in a public place, so the general populace gets more protection and security and moves freely with each other (Anwar et al., 2020). The political advantage involves the government doing its hardest to keep individuals in their respective homes by providing strict lockdown laws to ensure the virus's protection and spread (Tisdell, 2020). The government saves the future country pretty well in this way. Likewise, a leader of a FGD mentioned with his member,Now each party is trying to help people for their own political strategy [G#3, G#4]
From the above statements it is clear that political conflicts have significantly gone down all over the world including Bangladesh during COVID-19 (Anwar et al., 2020). Besides, political leaders are helping the general people (Bhalla, 2021). Many social analysts agree that it will help the political party leaders live in a stable if any government treats the pandemic carefully. Even a political party may recover more loyalty to nations and society (Giommoni & Loumeau, 2020; Bol, Giani, et al., 2020; Bol, Marco, et al., 2020). The pandemic provides a more significant opportunity in this particular problem.For the first time in history, we are witnessing that all the political parties are working together to support the nation by coming up with one supporting the decision. [G#2]
4.2 Economic aspects; new pathways
The existing companies which produce and sell masks, sanitizers, they are greatly profitable (Kamdi & Deogade, 2020). In this pandemic situation, many developed countries industries changed their supply chain and earned money by selling medical instruments, for example, Mask, PPE, Ventilator, and Hand Sanitizer, and so on to other countries (Ambros et al., 2020). Consequently, a group leader mentioned,Online business had a huge economic benefit since people were more likely to do online shopping as they were stuck at home during a pandemic. This resulted in an increased rate of profit in online ventures. [G#1, G#3 & G#5]
Besides, people do not frequently visit restaurants, so delivery services are more common. It, therefore, demonstrates that there are plenty of economic gains for every nation (Maliszewska et al., 2020). However, the general public has benefited from receiving money packages from their esteemed governments across the globe.Due to the pandemic, the demand for certain products such as protective gear for health professionals and the general public rises quickly. Many countries are producing and exporting those results in higher income, employment, and investment. Bangladesh has received a handsome amount of remittance during the COVID 19 pandemic. [G#2]
From the above discussions it can be said, almost all the countries are suffering of economic disaster but we can see that many countries are already standing up with their economy; they are trying to build their own resources and lessen the export products economics due to COVID-19 (Akhtaruzzaman et al., 2021). People are started to trust many local-level trades and business firms rather than depending on the supermarket systems. These trends strengthen the supply chain system nationally and regionally (Akhtaruzzaman et al., 2021). Businesses came up with many creative ways, unlimited ideas, tips, and tricks to utilize quarantine. Bunch of people are so happy with their innovations, and they productively did it so well.Although the economic collapse of the world is rampant. But the contribution of technological industries to the economic sustainability of the world is immense in this Pandemic. Therefore I would say that the growth of the technological industry in this lockdown will major in economic growth soon. [G#2 & G#4]
4.3 Social benefits; journey of the new culture
Staying and working from home allowed to busy professionals to spend more time with their near and dear ones. [G#5 & G#3]
Most of us do not appreciate the contributions of low-level workers like food distributors, vegetable vendors, cleaners, municipality workers, etc. This pandemic has made us realize their necessity for our survival. Therefore from now on, these essential people will get their much-deserved value and recognition from us. [G#1]
Besides, crimes such as hijacking, robbery, drug abuse, alcoholism, gambling, prostitution, aggression, and so on are drastically decreased (Dazio et al., 2020).A group member suddenly replied and rest of the group leaders gave the concerns,Social benefits for people under isolation had been provided with food, drink, reduced house rent and reduction in interest for repayment of the loan, etc. [G#2]
Before the coronavirus, we were not regular in prayer, but we used to pray 5 times nowadays. [G#1,3,4,5]
Finally, COVID-19's social benefits are enormous (Karunathilake, 2020). Coronavirus has made significant improvements in our culture as individuals recognize their essential obligations towards society and the group they are following. Individuals get to spend extended time with their families, resulting in an excellent mutual understanding for strengthening future variant relationships among family members during COVID-19. It is also genuinely unique that some have not supported financially but have offered free labor services. We are incredibly proud of the doctors, volunteers, and police who worked tirelessly during this challenging period to save the world's people.
4.4 Technological adaption; beginning of new normal
People cannot meet their friends and relatives because of the lockdown, but they connect through Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook for communication and entertainment purposes (Ali et al., 2020). Besides, via chats and video calls through Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft, and so on, companies hold interactive meetings with staff (Giurge & Bohns, 2020). Some respondents from the same group mentioned,Disruptive technological innovation makes our life smoother and easier. Video conferencing app zoom became a multi-billion-dollar company in a concise period. [G#4]
Many important meetings and decisions would have been kept in pending if there wasn't technology. Lakhs of private university students of Bangladesh will avoid session jam and will be able to complete their graduation on time with the aid of technology. Hence, the benefit of technology have been enormous. [G#5]
Our family runs a clothing shop, but due to lockdown, our shop was closed and started facing losses. But with the help of modern technologies, we started our business online and started earning through it. [G#1]
From the aforementioned discussion, the entire world during the COVID-19 lockdown would have been different without technology. We may certainly argue that technology firms dominate the planet. If any industry has gained immensely from this pandemic, then the technology can be used. Researchers have seen a rise in technology in the last few months, even in less developed countries like Bangladesh.During the lockdown, people tend to attend online meetings for their work which were designed to keep shorter as it consumes less time and it's a more effective way to deal with it. [G#2 & G#4]
4.5 Environmental benefit; regains the energy
Due to lockdown, the factories are closed, flights are decreased (Mohamed et al., 2020), and transportation is off, leading to the reduction of polluted air in the atmosphere (Khan et al., 2020; Burke, 2020).Carbon emissions level went down due to closure of factories, domestic flights and most cars were parked because people stayed at their homes to prevent the spread of the disease. [G#1]
Also, since there are no crowds of people, many animals wander along the roads. The streets are almost empty, so elephants, deer, penguins (Nanda, 2020) had the chance to stroll and chill around. The wildlife seems to be beaming with joy as there are almost no visitors/tourists on the sea beach. Many dolphins have been filmed playing in the water, and on social media, the images go viral. So,Since the government's lockdown, a dramatic change in the environment that I have never seen in my life. I can see the clear sky breathe fresh air so easily enjoying nature without vehicles the city looks so wonderful and pollution-free. in the early morning before the COVID-19 I wake up with vehicle sounds. Still, nowadays, I wake up with birds sounds that are a wonderful thing to me; that is another reason to thank COVID-19. [G#3 & G#5]
In most countries including Bangladesh, the amount of pollution caused by human exercises decreased radically. Noise is an undesirable sound that causes communication to have a disturbing effect. The lockdown also affected the aquatic ecosystem due to COVID-19; all transport modes inside the marine environment also ceased. Regarding all these problems, the blue sky's location made sense of optimistic thinking among people amid the time of lockdown across the globe towards a simple and much better world, clearing out a remarkable shift in the biological system.The world healed itself with the effect of lockdown across every nation. The prohibition on industrial workings and worldwide transportation evolved into less air pollution throughout the world. This decline in air pollution will be beneficial for the future of a healthy world environment. [G#4]
4.6 Legal and ethical focus; considered the moral factor
If we look at the economy, we can see that many industries have plummeted, so new small companies are joining the market. Companies are now more concerned about protecting workers as they say that if there is a fire, we first have to save our employees. The pandemic has demonstrated how very critical decision-making is for a successful company. The businessman has to evaluate ethical choices for full fulfillment. A respondent highlighted,To stop the continuous spread of the virus, the Government took legal actions against people who would break the rules. As in wearing a mask and keeping social distance, we're mandatory, and if people fail to do so then they might have to pay the fine. [G#2]
For physicians, we have found certain ethical advantages. They are aware that governments will not condemn governments about how patients are treated based on circumstances and conditions acceptable for that particular time. On the other hand, the government has taken legal action against people who appear to break laws that can spread deadly viruses. All companies, shopping centers, and departmental stores, for example, are closed by 5 pm. So,Our inner conscience has been awakened while observing the crisis of poverty people during this lockdown. I saw various people who never tried to help others came forward in this regard and generously helped the poorer people. [G#4 & G#1]
Due to this pandemic, COVID-19 coronavirus has created many changes to public benefits and more. COVID-19 also has some legal benefits. Many positive changes in Bangladesh are made during this pandemic, such as, general people are getting emergency housing facilities with no utility fee; tenants are getting proper rights, property taxes are free, and so on.There are some ethical for doctors as they are informed they won't be criticized by government or public as to treating people depending on the conditions and circumstances suitable during that time. [G#3 & G#5]
5 “NEW NORMAL” AND LONG LIFE LESSONS FROM COVID-19
The term “New Normal” used to gleam a change in society, our daily lives, education, business, economics, and so on (UNDP China, 2020). Many researchers are saying the coronavirus will pass, but life will never be the same. It is the “new normal” life, and it would be hard to go back and live the way we used to before COVID-19 (Huq & Patel, 2020, April 22). We have been bound to quickly adapt to “new normal” due to this pandemic (Bhuiyan, 2020a). Not surprisingly, during and after the COVID era, we complained about the dramatic shift in our lifestyle (Keysser, 2020). We are trying to establish and adapt to new practices to improve our lifestyle to win against the deadly virus.
The current study also suggests some ways forward can make the present world shift to a better new normal world. Now, let us look at how this new normal looks. People are trying to adopt the new normal, such as washing hands more much, wearing masks whenever we go out, maintaining social distance, and hygiene. But we seemed to balance the change reasonably well withholding the other. Besides, people are also learning to adopt new technologies social media, mobile apps, and so on. Other major technology-based networks such as YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Alibaba, and so on lead us to follow high tech and artificial intestacy. It depends on where you live in the world. A “safe and natural climate” should be the new normal age. There is no pollution during the lockdown. People are used to seeing the clear sky, no emission of carbon, and nature regaining its beauty again. So it has come to reconsider the post-COVID-19 period, where we must make collective efforts to keep nature clean and livable (Trehan, 2020). Some of the words relevant to the New Normal have just been addressed, and we are bound to do that; this is our opportunity to restart and create a better world where we can survive in the new normal (Huq & Patel, 2020). Because of COVID-19, adjusting to the changes is difficult. As we work together to manage our new normal, it is more important to keep a positive outlook (Rashid, 2020).
Apart from those, during the period, many of us have learned new ways of transferring money online to avoid public gathering at banks. Thus, we march towards a cashless transaction concept in the new normal era to use digital wallet applications. Online platforms seem to have no limit in helping people out. Similarly, e-commerce is getting worldwide recognition from now on, as many entrepreneurs are interested in operating their business online. The global pandemic has paved the way for e-commerce; for instance, online businesses in many developing countries were not highly valued, and it comparatively got a low market; however, during this pandemic, online business got their desired traction (Bhuiyan, 2020b). As the shopping malls were closed and considering risk factors for Covid-19, people opted for online shopping, which resulted in the triumph of online ventures (Estay, 2020). This success inspired other more entrepreneurs to invest in online ventures resulting in the growth of e-commerce in life after the pandemic (Morgan, 2020).
- Learning ideal social behavior
- Health professionals are worth more than sports' persons and entertainers.
- The kids can survive without junk food.
- Living a hygienic life is not difficult.
- People can save nature if they wish
- Human beings are opportunistic and despicable
- Rich people are, in fact, less immune to diseases than the poor.
- People can spend vacations without any trip.
- People can realize how animals feel in the zoo.
- Living a hygienic life is not difficult.
- Good people still exist around the globe.
- Medical infrastructure should build as many as needed.
- People can live alone if they can adopt the technology.
- Economic life is a happy life.
- Fame, wealth, and position are vanities.
Corona Makes Love Stronger, Days Shorter, and Nights Longer & Home Happier – Rahaman, M.S.
6 CONCLUSION AND WAY TO RESEARCH
The effect of this COVID-19 outbreak is immense, but it has also shown that a safe, safer, and greener environment is desperately needed in the world. In addition, by showing us a low-carbon path, less contaminated, greener Mother Earth, this pandemic also emerged as an educator for us. To conclude, we would suggest that preserving nature is not just the responsibility of the government. Even, the place in which we live must also be protected by every citizen and become a safeguard for the world in which we breathe. The path was seen, and through this pandemic, instructions were given. It is up to us, the humans, to capitalize on the dictations that nature itself hands over to us. This article has some limitations. The first and hard limitation for this study lacks of prior studies, literature, and knowledge. The second limitation is that researchers used only the qualitative approach; thus, researchers suggest adopting the mixed method to establish general. Another significant limitation of the study is the research area; researchers conduct the research based on a country, which may not be similar to the other cultures and countries' perceptions. So it is tough to make the research result generalize; further research should be conducted in many countries and cultures. This virus travels across the globe and quickly spreads through human social interactions. Currently, the burning issue is either the human-made COVID-19 virus or a biological weapon. No definitive proof exists as to who made it or for what reason. These could be the sources of current research make forward.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special thanks to the respondents who provided the data.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
FUNDING
The authors did not receive any fund for this research project.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
Md. Saidur Rahaman: Conceptualize, methodology, data collection, analysis, and referencing. Md. Mizanur Rahman: Discussions, editing and proofreading the manuscript to improve the quality. Syed Muhammod Ali Reza: proofreading the manuscript to improve the quality. Mohammad Nasim Reza: Idea generation. Md. Solaiman Chowdhury: Layout, data collection, analysis, and referencing.
Biographies
Md. Saidur Rahaman is currently employed as an academician at the Department of Business Administration, Metropolitan University of Sylhet, Bangladesh. He is especially interested in many emerging research issues in management, human resource management, organizational behavior, artificial intelligence, entrepreneurship, and other psychology-related concerns in many sectors. He has a long list of publications in several journals from various publishers. Mr. Rahaman is currently on the editorial board of several journals in human psychology and serves as a reviewer for other journals.
Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman is currently working as an academician at BRAC Business School, BRAC University, Bangladesh. The research interest areas of Rahman are Management, OB, HRM, Entrepreneurship, Artificial Intelligence, Corporate Governance, and Sustainability. Rahman is more focusing on quantitative techniques following PLS-SEM, CB-SEM, and SPSS.
Dr. Syed Muhammod Ali Reza is currently working as an academician at Department of Management Studies, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. The research interest areas of Reza are Diversity Management, Ethnicity and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Mr. Mohammad Nasim Reza is currently working as an academician at Department of Management Studies, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. The research interest areas of Reza are Management, HRM and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Md. Solaiman Chowdhury is currently working as an academician at Department of Management Studies, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh. The research interest areas of Chowdhury are Entrepreneurship, Sustainability, Management, HRM and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data available on request due to privacy/ethical restrictions.
