The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: Update report from the standardization committee of the International Children's Continence Society
Corresponding Author
Paul F. Austin
From the Division of Urology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
Correspondence to: Paul F. Austin, Washington University School of Medicine, 4990 Children's Place, Suite 1120, Campus Box 8242, Pediatric Urology, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1077. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorStuart B. Bauer
Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorWendy Bower
Pediatrics (Nephrology Section), Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJanet Chase
The Children's Centre, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPiet Hoebeke
Pediatric Urology and Nephrology, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorSøren Rittig
Pediatrics (Nephrology Section), Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJohan Vande Walle
Pediatric Urology and Nephrology, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorAlexander von Gontard
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAnne Wright
Pediatrics, Evelina Children's Hospital, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, England
Search for more papers by this authorStephen S. Yang
Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorTryggve Nevéus
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Section of Paediatric Nephrology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Paul F. Austin
From the Division of Urology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
Correspondence to: Paul F. Austin, Washington University School of Medicine, 4990 Children's Place, Suite 1120, Campus Box 8242, Pediatric Urology, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1077. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorStuart B. Bauer
Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorWendy Bower
Pediatrics (Nephrology Section), Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJanet Chase
The Children's Centre, Cabrini Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPiet Hoebeke
Pediatric Urology and Nephrology, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorSøren Rittig
Pediatrics (Nephrology Section), Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJohan Vande Walle
Pediatric Urology and Nephrology, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this authorAlexander von Gontard
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAnne Wright
Pediatrics, Evelina Children's Hospital, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, England
Search for more papers by this authorStephen S. Yang
Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorTryggve Nevéus
Department of Women's and Children's Health, Section of Paediatric Nephrology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
The impact of the original International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) terminology document on lower urinary tract (LUT) function resulted in the global establishment of uniformity and clarity in the characterization of LUT function and dysfunction in children across multiple healthcare disciplines. The present document serves as a stand-alone terminology update reflecting refinement and current advancement of knowledge on pediatric LUT function.
Methods
A variety of worldwide experts from multiple disciplines within the ICCS leadership who care for children with LUT dysfunction were assembled as part of the standardization committee. A critical review of the previous ICCS terminology document and the current literature was performed. Additionally, contributions and feedback from the multidisciplinary ICCS membership were solicited.
Results
Following a review of the literature over the last 7 years, the ICCS experts assembled a new terminology document reflecting current understanding of bladder function and LUT dysfunction in children using the resources from the literature review, expert opinion and ICCS member feedback.
Conclusions
The present ICCS terminology document provides a current and consensus update to the evolving terminology and understanding of LUT function in children. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:471–481, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
REFERENCES
- 1 Neveus T, von Gontard A, Hoebeke P, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: Report from the Standardisation Committee of the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol 2006; 176: 314.
- 2 Dannaway J, Ng H, Deshpande AV. Adherence to ICCS nomenclature guidelines in subsequent literature: A bibliometric study. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 32: 952.
- 3 Norgaard JP, van Gool JD, Hjalmas K, et al. Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. International Children's Continence Society. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 1.
- 4 Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21: 167.
- 5 Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29: 4.
- 6 Association AP. Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), pp. The http://www.dsm5.org website has been reorganized to serve as a resource for clinicians, researchers, insurers, and patients., 2013.
- 7 von Gontard A. The impact of DSM-5 and guidelines for assessment and treatment of elimination disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22: S61.
- 8 World Health Organization. Multiaxial classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders in children and adolescents. Cambridge: New York Cambridge University Press, pp. viii, 302 p. 2008.
- 9 Chase J, Austin P, Hoebeke P, et al. The management of dysfunctional voiding in children: A report from the Standardisation Committee of the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol 2010; 183: 1296.
- 10 Hoebeke P, Bower W, Combs A, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of children with daytime incontinence. J Urol 2010; 183: 699.
- 11 Neveus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol 2010; 183: 441.
- 12 von Gontard A, Baeyens D, Van Hoecke E, et al. Psychological and psychiatric issues in urinary and fecal incontinence. J Urol 2011; 185: 1432.
- 13 Bauer SB, Austin PF, Rawashdeh YF, et al. International Children's Continence Society's recommendations for initial diagnostic evaluation and follow-up in congenital neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31: 610.
- 14 Rawashdeh YF, Austin P, Siggaard C, et al. International Children's Continence Society's recommendations for therapeutic intervention in congenital neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31: 615.
- 15 Burgers RE, Mugie SM, Chase J, et al. Management of functional constipation in children with lower urinary tract symptoms: Report from the standardization committee of the international children's continence society. J Urol 2013; 190: 29.
- 16 Franco I, von Gontard A, De Gennaro M, et al. Evaluation and treatment of nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9: 234.
- 17 Duong TH, Jansson UB, Holmdahl G, et al. Urinary bladder control during the first 3 years of life in healthy children in Vietnam—a comparison study with Swedish children. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9: 700.
- 18 Wu HY. Achieving urinary continence in children. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 371.
- 19 Bower WF, Moore KH, Adams RD, et al. Frequency–volume chart data from incontinent children. Br J Urol 1997; 80: 658.
- 20 Mahler B, Hagstroem S, Rittig N, et al. The impact of daytime diuresis on voiding frequency and incontinence classification in children. J Urol 2008; 179: 2384.
- 21 Mattsson SH. Voiding frequency, volumes and intervals in healthy schoolchildren. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1994; 28: 1.
- 22 Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, Hansson S, et al. Micturition habits and incontinence in 7-year-old Swedish school entrants. Eur J Pediatr 1990; 149: 434.
- 23 Bloom DA, Seeley WW, Ritchey ML, et al. Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. J Urol 1993; 149: 1087.
- 24 Rittig S, Kamperis K, Siggaard C, et al. Age related nocturnal urine volume and maximum voided volume in healthy children: Reappraisal of International Children's Continence Society definitions. J Urol 2010; 183: 1561.
- 25 Farhat W, Bagli DJ, Capolicchio G, et al. The dysfunctional voiding scoring system: Quantitative standardization of dysfunctional voiding symptoms in children. J Urol 2000; 164: 1011.
- 26 Farhat W, McLorie GA, O'Reilly S, et al. Reliability of the pediatric dysfunctional voiding symptom score in monitoring response to behavioral modification. Can J Urol 2001; 8: 1401.
- 27 Upadhyay J, Bolduc S, Bagli DJ, et al. Use of the dysfunctional voiding symptom score to predict resolution of vesicoureteral reflux in children with voiding dysfunction. J Urol 2003; 169: 1842.
- 28 Bower WF, Sit FK, Bluyssen N, et al. PinQ: A valid, reliable and reproducible quality-of-life measure in children with bladder dysfunction. J Pediatr Urol 2006; 2: 185.
- 29 Chang SJ, Chen TH, Su CC, et al. Exploratory factory analysis and predicted probabilities of a Chinese version of Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) questionnaire. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 31: 1247.
- 30 Thibodeau BA, Metcalfe P, Koop P, et al. Urinary incontinence and quality of life in children. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9: 78.
- 31 Van Hoecke E, Baeyens D, Vanden Bossche H, et al. Early detection of psychological problems in a population of children with enuresis: Construction and validation of the Short Screening Instrument for Psychological Problems in Enuresis. J Urol 2007; 178: 2611.
- 32 Schafer W, Abrams P, Liao L, et al. Good urodynamic practices: Uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21: 261.
- 33 Szabo L, Fegyverneki S. Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal children—the Miskolc nomograms. Br J Urol 1995; 76: 16.
- 34 Chang SJ, Chiang IN, Hsieh CH, et al. Age- and gender-specific nomograms for single and dual post-void residual urine in healthy children. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 32: 1014.
- 35 Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Leung YF, et al. Correlation between ultrasonographic bladder measurements and urodynamic findings in children with recurrent urinary tract infection. BJU Int 2007; 99: 651.
- 36 Joensson IM, Siggaard C, Rittig S, et al. Transabdominal ultrasound of rectum as a diagnostic tool in childhood constipation. J Urol 2008; 179: 1997.
- 37 Hjalmas K. Micturition in infants and children with normal lower urinary tract. A urodynamic study. 1976; 37: 1.
- 38 Koff SA. Estimating bladder capacity in children. Urology 1983; 21: 248.
- 39 Combs AJ, Grafstein N, Horowitz M, et al. Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents I: Pelvic floor electromyography lag time–a new noninvasive method to screen for and monitor therapeutic response. J Urol 2005; 173: 207.
Citing Literature
