Gadolinium-modulated 19F signals from perfluorocarbon nanoparticles as a new strategy for molecular imaging
Anne M. Neubauer
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Myerson
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorShelton D. Caruthers
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFranklin D. Hockett
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick M. Winter
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJunjie Chen
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick J. Gaffney
Department of Surgery, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJ. David Robertson
Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Missouri Research Reactor, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGregory M. Lanza
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Samuel A. Wickline
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Biomedical Engineering, Physics, and Cellular Biology, Washington University C-TRAIN Group, Campus Box 8215, Cortex Building, Suite 101, 4320 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108===Search for more papers by this authorAnne M. Neubauer
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Myerson
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorShelton D. Caruthers
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFranklin D. Hockett
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick M. Winter
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJunjie Chen
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick J. Gaffney
Department of Surgery, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJ. David Robertson
Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Missouri Research Reactor, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGregory M. Lanza
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Samuel A. Wickline
C-TRAIN Group, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Biomedical Engineering, Physics, and Cellular Biology, Washington University C-TRAIN Group, Campus Box 8215, Cortex Building, Suite 101, 4320 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108===Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Recent advances in the design of fluorinated nanoparticles for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled specific detection of 19F nuclei, providing unique and quantifiable spectral signatures. However, a pressing need for signal enhancement exists because the total 19F in imaging voxels is often limited. By directly incorporating a relaxation agent, gadolinium (Gd), into the lipid monolayer that surrounds the perfluorocarbon (PFC), a marked augmentation of the 19F signal from 200-nm nanoparticles was achieved. This design increases the magnetic relaxation rate of the 19F nuclei fourfold at 1.5 T and effects a 125% increase in signal—an effect that is maintained when they are targeted to human plasma clots. By varying the surface concentration of Gd, the relaxation effect can be quantitatively modulated to tailor particle properties. This novel strategy dramatically improves the sensitivity and range of 19F MRI/MRS and forms the basis for designing contrast agents capable of sensing their surface chemistry. Magn Reson Med 60:1066–1072, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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