A simple electrically small microwave sensor based on complementary asymmetric single split resonator for dielectric characterization of solids and liquids
Corresponding Author
Anila P. Viswanathan
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Cochin, Kerala, India
Correspondence
Anila P. Viswanathan, Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 22, Kerala, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRemsha Moolat
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorManoj Mani
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorShameena VA
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorMohanan Pezholil
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Anila P. Viswanathan
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Cochin, Kerala, India
Correspondence
Anila P. Viswanathan, Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 22, Kerala, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRemsha Moolat
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorManoj Mani
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorShameena VA
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorMohanan Pezholil
Centre for Research in Electromagnetics and Antenna, Department of Electronics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The article presents an asymmetric single split resonator (ASSR) unit cell, its resonant properties, and an electrically small microwave sensor employing the complementary asymmetric single split resonator (CASSR) structure with high quality factor (Q) on the FR4 substrate. The structure is compared with the conventional symmetric split ring resonator. The CASSR sensor designed and fabricated on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and a thickness 1.6 mm has an electrically small size of 0.127λ0 × 0.127λ0 × 0.007λ0 at 1.27 GHz, which yields ka = 0.56 < 1 with low radiation efficiency. The properties and performance of the proposed CASSR for extracting the permittivity of both solid and liquid samples using amplitude and phase sensing in a simple lab-in-touch approach are validated with full-wave simulations and experimental results.
REFERENCES
- 1Pendry JB, Holden AJ, Robbins DJ, Stewart WJ. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 1999; 47: 2075-2084.
- 2Smith DR, Padilla WJ, Vier DC, Nemat-Nasser SC, Schultz S. Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity. Phys Rev Lett. 2000; 84: 4184-4187.
- 3Li SJ, Li YB, Li H, et al. A thin self-feeding Janus Metasurface for manipulating incident waves and emitting radiation waves simultaneously. Ann Phys. 2020; 532(5):2000020. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.202000020.
- 4Zheludev NI. The road ahead for metamaterials. Science. 2010; 328: 582-558.
- 5Li S, Gao J, Cao X, Zhang Z. Loaded metamaterial perfect absorber using substrate integrated cavity. J Appl Phys. 2014; 115:213703. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4881115.
- 6Naqui J, Durán-Sindreu M, Martín F. Novel sensors based on the symmetry properties of split-ring resonators (SRRs). Sensors. 2011; 11(8): 7545-7553. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110807545.
- 7Boybay MS, Ramahi OM. Material characterization using complementary Split-ring resonators. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 2012; 61(11): 3039-3046. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2012.2203450.
- 8Withayachumnankul W, Jaruwongrungsee K, Tuantranont A, Fumeaux C, Abbott D. Metamaterial-based microfluidic sensor for dielectric characterization. Sens Actuators A Phys. 2013; 189: 233-237.
- 9Ebrahimi A, Withayachumnankul W, Al-Sarawi S, Abbott D. High-sensitivity Metamaterial-inspired sensor for microfluidic dielectric characterization. IEEE Sens J. 2014; 14(5): 1345-1351. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2295312.
- 10Abduljabar AA, Rowe DJ, Porch A, Barrow DA. Novel microwave microfluidic sensor using a microstrip Split-ring resonator. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 2014; 62(3): 679-688. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2014.2300066.
- 11Salim A, Lim S. Complementary Split-ring resonator-loaded microfluidic ethanol chemical sensor. Sensors (Basel). 2016; 16(11): 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111802.
- 12Ansari MAH, Jha AK, Akhtar MJ. Design and application of the CSRR-based planar sensor for noninvasive measurement of complex permittivity. IEEE Sens J. 2015; 15(12): 7181-7189. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2469683.
- 13Yang C, Lee C, Chen K, Chen K. Noncontact measurement of complex permittivity and thickness by using planar resonators. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 2016; 64(1): 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2015.2503764.
- 14Su L, Mata-Contreras J, Vélez P, Martín F. Splitter/combiner microstrip sections loaded with pairs of complementary Split ring resonators (CSRRs): modeling and optimization for differential sensing applications. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 2016; 64(12): 4362-4370. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2016.2623311.
- 15Vélez P, Su L, Grenier K, Mata-Contreras J, Dubuc D, Martín F. Microwave microfluidic sensor based on a microstrip splitter/combiner configuration and Split ring resonators (SRRs) for dielectric characterization of liquids. IEEE Sens J. 2017; 17(20): 6589-6598. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2747764.
- 16Ebrahimi A, Scott J, Ghorbani K. Differential sensors using microstrip lines loaded with two Split-ring resonators. IEEE Sens J. 2018; 18(14): 5786-5793. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2840691.
- 17Alahnomi RA, Zakaria Z, Ruslan E, Ab Rashid SR, Mohd Bahar AA. High-Q sensor based on symmetrical Split ring resonator with Spurlines for solids material detection. IEEE Sens J. 2017; 17(9): 2766-2775. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2682266.
- 18Abdolrazzaghi M, Daneshmand M, Iyer AK. Strongly enhanced sensitivity in planar microwave sensors based on Metamaterial coupling. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 2018; 66(4): 1843-1855. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2018.2791942.
- 19Xu K, Liu Y, Chen S, et al. Novel microwave sensors based on Split ring resonators for measuring permittivity. IEEE Access. 2018; 6: 26111-26120. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2834726.
- 20Wang X, Deng H, Liu C. High-Q sensor for permittivity detection based on spiral resonator. Appl Phys A. 2018; 124:740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2152-x.
- 21Ebrahimi A, Scott J, Ghorbani K. Ultrahigh-sensitivity microwave sensor for microfluidic complex permittivity measurement. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech. 2019; 67(10): 4269-4277. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2019.2932737.
- 22Fedotov VA, Rose M, Prosvirnin SL, Papasimakis N, Zheludev NI. Sharp trapped-mode resonances in planar metamaterials with a broken structural symmetry. Phys Rev Lett. 2007; 99:147401.
- 23Papasimakis N, Luo Z, Shen ZX, et al. Graphene in a photonic metamaterial. Opt Express. 2010; 18: 8353-8359.
- 24Al-Naib IAI, Jansen C, Koch M. Thin-film sensing with planar asymmetric metamaterial resonators. App Phys Lett. 2008; 93:083507.
- 25Al-Naib IAI, Jansen C, Koch M. High Q-factor metasurfaces based on miniaturized asymmetric single split resonators. Appl Phys Lett. 2009; 94:153505.
- 26Al-Naib I, Singh R, Rockstuhl C, Lederer F, Delprat S, et al. Excitation of a high-Q subradiant resonance mode in mirrored single-gap asymmetric split ring resonator terahertz metamaterials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012; 101:071108.
- 27He XJ, Wang Y, Wang JM, Gui TL. Thin-film sensor-based tip-shaped split ring resonator metamaterial for microwave application. Microsyst Technol. 2010; 16(10): 1735-1739.
- 28Yang JJ, Huang M, Xiao Z, Peng J. Simulation and analysis of asymmetric metamaterial resonator-assisted microwave sensor. Mod Phys Lett B. 2010; 24(12): 1207-1215.
- 29Yang JJ, Huang M, Lan Y, Li Y. Microwave sensor based on a single stereo-complementary asymmetric split resonator. Int J RF Microw Computer-Aided Eng. 2012; 22(4): 545-551.
- 30Chen T, Li S, Sun H. Metamaterials application in sensing. Sensors. 2012; 12(3): 2742-2765.
- 31Miyamaru F, Kubota S, Nakanishi T, et al. Transmission properties of double-gap asymmetric split-ring resonators in terahertz region. Appl Phys Lett. 2012; 101:051112.
- 32Taleb F, Al-Naib I, Koch M. Free-standing complementary asymmetric Metasurface for terahertz sensing applications. Sensors. 2020; 20(8): 2265.
- 33Raj A, Kumar Jha A, Ansari MAH, Akhtar MJ, Panda S. Metamaterial-inspired microwave sensor for measurement of complex permittivity of materials. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2016; 58(11): 2577-2580.
- 34Siddiqui O, Ramzan R, Amin M, Ramahi OM. A non-invasive phase sensor for permittivity and moisture estimation based on anomalous dispersion. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:28626.
- 35Baena JD, Marqués R, Medina F, Martel J. Artificial magnetic metamaterial design by using spiral resonators. Phys Rev B. 2004; 69:014402.
