Review
Reflectance confocal microscopy of skin in vivo: From bench to bedside
Milind Rajadhyaksha PhD,
Ashfaq Marghoob MD,
Anthony Rossi MD,
Allan C. Halpern MD,
Kishwer S. Nehal MD,
Corresponding Author
Milind Rajadhyaksha PhD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Correspondence to: Milind Rajadhyaksha, PhD, Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAshfaq Marghoob MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Rossi MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorAllan C. Halpern MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorKishwer S. Nehal MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorMilind Rajadhyaksha PhD,
Ashfaq Marghoob MD,
Anthony Rossi MD,
Allan C. Halpern MD,
Kishwer S. Nehal MD,
Corresponding Author
Milind Rajadhyaksha PhD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Correspondence to: Milind Rajadhyaksha, PhD, Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 16 East 60th Street, New York, NY 10022. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAshfaq Marghoob MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Rossi MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorAllan C. Halpern MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorKishwer S. Nehal MD
Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
Search for more papers by this authorConflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and have disclosed the following: Milind Rajadhyaksha is a former employee of, and owns equity in, Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics (formerly, Lucid Inc.), the company that manufactures and sells the VivaScope reflectance confocal microscope. The VivaScope is the commercial version of an original laboratory prototype that was developed by Rajadhyaksha when he was at Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Allan Halpern serves on the scientific advisory board of Caliber Imaging and Diagnostics. None for Ashfaq Marghoob, Anthony Rossi and Kishwer Nehal.
Abstract
Following more than two decades of effort, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging of skin was granted codes for reimbursement by the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Dermatologists in the USA have started billing and receiving reimbursement for the imaging procedure and for the reading and interpretation of images. RCM imaging combined with dermoscopic examination is guiding the triage of lesions into those that appear benign, which are being spared from biopsy, against those that appear suspicious, which are then biopsied. Thus far, a few thousand patients have been spared from biopsy of benign lesions. The journey of RCM imaging from bench to bedside is certainly a success story, but still much more work lies ahead toward wider dissemination, acceptance, and adoption. We present a brief review of RCM imaging and highlight key challenges and opportunities. The success of RCM imaging paves the way for other emerging optical technologies, as well—and our bet for the future is on multimodal approaches. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:7–19, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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