Cigarette smoking and subtypes of bladder cancer
Corresponding Author
Xuejuan Jiang
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
X.J. and J.E.C. contributed equally to this work
Tel: [+1-323-865-0433], Fax: +[1-323-865-0140]
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California; 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Esteban Castelao
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
X.J. and J.E.C. contributed equally to this work
Search for more papers by this authorJian-Min Yuan
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, The Masonic Cancer Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Search for more papers by this authorMariana C. Stern
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid V. Conti
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorVictoria K. Cortessis
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm C. Pike
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
Search for more papers by this authorManuela Gago-Dominguez
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xuejuan Jiang
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
X.J. and J.E.C. contributed equally to this work
Tel: [+1-323-865-0433], Fax: +[1-323-865-0140]
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California; 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Esteban Castelao
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
X.J. and J.E.C. contributed equally to this work
Search for more papers by this authorJian-Min Yuan
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, The Masonic Cancer Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Search for more papers by this authorMariana C. Stern
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid V. Conti
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorVictoria K. Cortessis
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm C. Pike
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
Search for more papers by this authorManuela Gago-Dominguez
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorTel: [+1-323-865-0433], Fax: +[1-323-865-0140]
Abstract
There is little information regarding associations between suspected bladder cancer risk factors and tumor subtypes at diagnosis. Some, but not all, studies have found that bladder cancer among smokers is often more invasive than it is among nonsmokers. This population-based case-control study was conducted in Los Angeles, California, involving 1,586 bladder cancer patients and their individually matched controls. Logistic regression was used to conduct separate analyses according to tumor subtypes defined by stage and grade. Cigarette smoking increased risk of both superficial and invasive bladder cancer, but the more advanced the stage, the stronger the effect. The odds ratios associated with regular smokers were 2.2 (95% confidence intervals, 1.8–2.8), 2.7 (2.1–3.6) and 3.7 (2.5–5.5) for low-grade superficial, high-grade superficial and invasive tumors respectively. This pattern was consistently observed regardless of the smoking exposure index under examination. Women had higher risk of invasive bladder cancer than men even they smoked comparable amount of cigarettes as men. There was no gender difference in the association between smoking and risk of low-grade superficial bladder cancer. The heterogeneous effect of cigarette smoking was attenuated among heavy users of NSAIDs. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking was more strongly associated with increased risk of invasive bladder cancer than with low-grade superficial bladder cancer.
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