Article
Full Access
The pyramidal tract of tupaia, compared to that in other primates
W. J. C. Verhaart,
W. J. C. Verhaart
Laboratory of Neuro-anatomy of the Institute of Neurological Sciences at Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorW. J. C. Verhaart,
W. J. C. Verhaart
Laboratory of Neuro-anatomy of the Institute of Neurological Sciences at Leiden, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The pyramidal tract of Prosimii proves to lack coarse fibers and to be much smaller than in Macaca, whereas in Saimiri it resembles the latter very much. Crossing and course within the cord in the Prosimii examined are identical to those in Macaca and Man. In Tupaia the pyramidal tract is very different, as it is very small, crosses to the dorsal funiculus and ends in the lower theoracic levels.
The other large tracts descending into the cord seem to enlarge where the pyramidal tract decreases in size and length in Tupaia. The large difference between the pyramidal tract of Tupaia and that of other Prosimii is emphasized.
Literature Cited
- Beusekom Van, G. T. 1955 Fiber analysis of the anterior and lateral funiculi of the cord in the cat. Thesis, IJdo, Leiden.
- Broers, C. J. 1963 La position taxonomique de Tupaia parmi les primates, basée entre autres sur la structure de sa caisse du tympan. Comptes rendus Assoc. Anat., 116: 361–375.
- Broers, C. J. 1964 La phylogénie des primates. (Note préliminaire) Comptes rendus Assoc. Anat., 121: 71–79.
- Busch, H. F. M. 1961 An anatomical analysis of the white matter in the brain stem of the cat. Thesis, van Gorcum, Assen.
- Clark Le Gros, W. E. 1934 Early forerunners of man. A morphological study of the evolutionary origin of the primates. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, William Wood and Company, London and Baltimore, 296 pp.
- Van Crevel, H., and W. J. C. Verhaart 1963 The rate of secondary degeneration in the central nervous system. I, The pyramidal tract of the cat. J. Anat. Lend., 97: 429–449.
- Emmers, R., and K. Akert 1963 A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri Sciureus). Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Madison, XVIII + 102 pp.
- Fiedler, W. 1956 Uebersicht über das System der Primates. Primatologia, Ed. Hofer, Schulz and Starck, Karger, Basel, I: 1–266.
- Fulton, J. F., and D. Sheehan 1935 The uncrossed lateral pyramidal tract in higher primates. J. Anat. Lond., 69: 181–188.
- Gergen, J. A., and P. D. MacLean 1962 A stereotaxic atlas of the squirrel monkey's brain (Saimiri sciureus). Public Health service publication no. 933, Bethesda, Maryland, V + 99 pp.
- Goldby, F. 1939 An experimental investigation of the motor cortex and its connections in the phalanger, Trichosurus vulpecula. J. Anat. Lond., 74: 12–33.
- Goldby, F., and G. N. Kacker 1963 A survey of the pyramidal system in the coypu rat, Myocastor coypus. J. Anat. Lond., 97: 517–531.
- Haartsen, A. B. 1961 The fiber content of the cord in small and large mammals. Acta morphol. Neerl.-Scand., III: 331–340.
- Haartsen, A. B. 1962 Cortical projections to mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. An experimental study in the goat and the rabbit. Thesis, IJdo, Leiden.
-
Häggqvist, G.
1937
Faseranalytische Studien über die Pyramidenbahn.
Acta Psychiat. et Neurol.,
12: 457–466.
10.1111/j.1600-0447.1937.tb07094.x Google Scholar
- Kuypers, H. G. J. M. 1958 Some projections from the peri-central cortex to the pons and lower brain stem in monkey and chimpanzee. J. Comp. Neur., 110: 221–256.
- Kuypers, H. G. J. M., W. R., Fleming and J. W. Farinholt 1962 Subcorticospinal projections in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neur., 118: 107–131.
- Lassek, A. M. 1942a The human pyramidal tract. J. Comp. Neur., 76: 217–225.
-
Lassek, A. M.
1942b
The pyramidal tract.
J. Comp. Neur.,
77: 399–404.
10.1002/cne.900770205 Google Scholar
-
Lassek, A. M.
1943
The pyramidal tract. A study of large motor cells of area 4 and the fiber components of the pyramid in the spider monkey (Ateles Ater).
J. Comp. Neur.,
79: 407–413.
10.1002/cne.900790306 Google Scholar
- Lassek, A. M. 1948 The pyramidal neurons. Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 27: 106–128. The Frontal Lobes. Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
- Lassek, A. M., and G. L., Rasmussen 1940 A comparative fiber and numerical analysis of the pyramidal tract. J. Comp. Neur., 72: 417–428.
- Lassek, A. M., and W. J. Shapiro 1956 The pyramidal tract in a flying mammal (Bat). Anat. Rec., 324: 418.
- Lassek, A. M., and M. D. Wheatley 1945 The pyramidal tract. An enumeration of the large motor cells of area 4 and the axons in the pyramidal tract of the chimpanzee. J. Comp. Neur., 82: 299–302.
- Linowiecki, A. J. 1914 The comparative anatomy of the pyramidal tract. J. Comp. Neur., 24: 509–530.
- Nyberg-Hansen, R., and A. Brodal 1963 Sites of termination of corticospinal fibers in the cat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods. J. Comp. Neur., 120: 369–392.
- Remane, A. 1956 Pälaontologie und Evolution der Primate. Besonders der nicht-Homonoïden. Primatologia, Handbook of Primatology. Ed. Hofer, Schultz and Starck, Karger, Basel, I: 267–378.
- Sie, P. G. 1956 Localization of fiber systems within the white matter of the medulla oblongata and the cervical cord in man. Thesis, IJdo, Leiden.
- Simpson, G. G. 1945 The principles of classification and classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, vol. 85, 350 pp.
-
Simpson, S.
1914
The pyramidal tract in the red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius) and chipmunk (Tamias striatus Lysteri).
J. Comp. Neur.,
24: 137–160.
10.1002/cne.900240204 Google Scholar
- Simpson, S. 1915 The motor areas in the Canadian porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus, Linn.). Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 8: 79–102.
- Staal, A., and W. J. C. Verhaart 1963 Subcortical projections on the spinal grey matter of the cat. Acta anat., 52: 235–243.
- Thenius, E., and H. Hofer 1960 Stammesg-schichte der Säugetiere. Springer Verlag, Berlin, VI + 322 pp.
- Tilney, F., and H. A. Riley 1928 The brain from ape to man. H. K. Lewis and Company, London, XXVII + 1028 pp, 557 ill.
- Turner, E. L. 1924 The pyramidal tract of the Virginian opossum (Didelphis virginiana). J. Comp. Neur., 36: 387–397.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1947 On thick and thin fibers in the pyramidal tract. Acta Psychiat. Neurol. Scand., 22: 271–281.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1948a The pes pedunculi and pyramid. J. Comp. Neur., 88: 139–155.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1948b The pes pedunculi and pyramid in Hylobates. J. Comp. Neur., 89: 71–78.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1953 The anatomy of the pyramidal tract. Fol. Psychiat. Neerl., 56: 923–943.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1954 Fiber tracts and fiber patterns in the anterior and the lateral funiculus of the cord in Macaca ira. Acta anat., 20: 330–373.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1959 A comparative study of the hodology of the cord of some ungulates and the elephant. A. Biemond et al.: Recent Neurological Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam: 269–281.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1962 The pyramidal tract. World Neurology, 3: 43–53.
- Verhaart, W. J. C. 1963 Pyramidal tract in the cord of the elephant. J. Comp. Neur., 121: 45–49.
- Verhaart, W. J. C., and W. Kramer 1959 The pyramid in the medulla and the cord of the elephant. Acta morphol. Neerl.-Scand., II: 174–181.
- Verhaart, W. J. C., and M. R. Sopers-Jurgens 1957 Aspects of the comparative anatomy of the mammalian brain stem. Acta morphol. Neerl.-Scand., I: 246–255.
- Verhaart, W. J. C., G. T. Van Beusekom, H. F. M. Busch, A. Staal and J. Voogd 1964 A stereotactic atlas of the brain stem of the cat. Kon. van Gorcum, Assen, 84, pp + 163 ill.
- Voogd, J. 1964 The cerebellum of the cat. Structure and fiber connections. Thesis, Kon. van Gorcum, Assen.
- Weber, M. 1928 Die Säugetiere. Einführung in die Anatomie und Systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia, II: Systematischer Teil. Fischer Verlag, Jena, XXIV + 898 pp.
Citing Literature
