Volume 142, Issue 10 e56554

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Resistance Welding Joints of CF/PEEK Orthogonal Laminates Strengthened by in situ Grafting of ZnO-Nanowires: Preparation, Properties, and Mechanism

Xuhai Xiong,

Corresponding Author

Xuhai Xiong

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-3747

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Correspondence:

Xuhai Xiong ([email protected])

Pu Zhao ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Mengyuan Jiao,

Mengyuan Jiao

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Pu Zhao,

Corresponding Author

Pu Zhao

[email protected]

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

Correspondence:

Xuhai Xiong ([email protected])

Pu Zhao ([email protected])

Contribution: Methodology (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Shuai Yang,

Shuai Yang

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Rong Ren,

Rong Ren

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Visualization (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Jing Wang,

Jing Wang

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Supervision (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Xu Cui,

Xu Cui

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Supervision (equal), Validation (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Xuhai Xiong,

Corresponding Author

Xuhai Xiong

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-3747

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Correspondence:

Xuhai Xiong ([email protected])

Pu Zhao ([email protected])

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Mengyuan Jiao,

Mengyuan Jiao

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Validation (equal), Visualization (equal), Writing - original draft (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Pu Zhao,

Corresponding Author

Pu Zhao

[email protected]

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

Correspondence:

Xuhai Xiong ([email protected])

Pu Zhao ([email protected])

Contribution: Methodology (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Shuai Yang,

Shuai Yang

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Rong Ren,

Rong Ren

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Visualization (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Jing Wang,

Jing Wang

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Investigation (equal), Supervision (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

Xu Cui,

Xu Cui

Liaoning Key Lab of Advanced Polymeric Composites, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China

Contribution: Supervision (equal), Validation (equal)

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 03 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56554

Funding: This work was supported by China Aeronautical Science Foundation (No. 2024Z048054002).

Share a link

Email
Wechat
Bluesky

ABSTRACT

A high strength bonding interface by resistance welding has always been a goal for the production of highly reliable resin-based composite joints. In this work, SS mesh element with grafted ZnO nanowires (SSM@ZnO) was developed for resistance welding of CF/PEEK composite laminates to improving interfacial strength. First, the surface of stainless-steel mesh (SSM) was modified by in Situ grafting of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires via hydrothermal growth method and the as-obtained product (SSM@ZnO) used to the resistance welding of carbon fiber/polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) orthogonal laminates. The dependance of the SSM@ZnO microstructure, heating properties, wettability and interfacial adhesion on the growth time was investigated. The electrical heating rate under constant input power is increased from 4.8°C/s to 7.12°C/s, and IFSS between SSM@ZnO and PEEK resin is increased from original 45 MPa to 61 MPa. The mechanical properties and failure mode of CF/PEEK resistance welding joints were characterized by single lap shear stress (SLSS) and SEM, respectively. At SSM@ZnO growth time of 8 h, the SLSS reaches the maximum value of 52.8 MPa, and the failure mode was shifted from interfacial peeling between CF/PEEK laminate and adhesion layer to fiber tearing of CF/PEEK laminate surface.

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

1D. K. Rajak, D. D. Pagar, R. Kumar, and C. Pruncu, “Recent Progress of Reinforcement Materials: A Comprehensive Overview of Composite Materials,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (2019): 6354–6374.
10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.068
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
2M. Mrazova, “Advanced Composite Materials of the Future in Aerospace Industry,” Incas Bulletin 5 (2013): 139–150.
10.13111/2066-8201.2013.5.3.14
Google Scholar
3A. J. Timmis, A. Hodzic, L. Koh, et al., “Environmental Impact Assessment of Aviation Emission Reduction Through the Implementation of Composite Materials,” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20 (2015): 233–243.
10.1007/s11367-014-0824-0
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
4D. Brassard, M. Dubé, and J. R. Tavares, “Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites With a Nanocomposite Heating Element,” Composites: Part B 165 (2019): 779–784.
10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.02.038
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
5X. Xiong, D. Wang, J. Wei, et al., “Resistance Welding Technology of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 35 (2021): 1539–1619.
10.1080/01694243.2020.1856514
Google Scholar
6D. Li, A. Chrysanthou, I. Patel, and G. Williams, “Self-Piercing Riveting-a Review,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 92 (2017): 1777–1824.
10.1007/s00170-017-0156-x
Web of Science® Google Scholar
7R. Haque, “Quality of Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR) Joints From Cross-Sectional Perspective: A Review,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 18 (2018): 83–93.
10.1016/j.acme.2017.06.003
Google Scholar
8S. Budhe, M. D. Banea, S. De Barros, and L. F. M. Da Silva, “An Updated Review of Adhesively Bonded Joints in Composite Materials,” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 72 (2017): 30–42.
10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.10.010
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
9H. S. da Costa Mattos, A. H. Monteiro, and R. Palazzetti, “Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints in Composite Materials,” Materials and Design 33 (2012): 242–247.
10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.031
Google Scholar
10D. Stavrov and H. E. N. Bersee, “Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites-An Overview,” Composites: Part A 36 (2005): 39–54.
10.1016/S1359-835X(04)00182-4
Web of Science® Google Scholar
11R. D. Farahani and M. Dubé, “Novel Heating Elements for Induction Welding of Carbon Fiber/Polyphenylene Sulfide Thermoplastic Composites,” Advanced Engineering Materials 19 (2017): 1700294.
10.1002/adem.201700294
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
12M. Russello, G. Catalanotti, S. C. Hawkins, and B. G. Falzon, “Welding of Thermoplastics by Means of Carbon-Nanotube Web,” Composites Communications 17 (2020): 56–60.
10.1016/j.coco.2019.11.001
Web of Science® Google Scholar
13R. A. Grimm, “Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe,” Advanced Materials and Processes 147 (1995): 27.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
14A. Yousefpour, M. Hojjati, and J. P. Immarigeon, “Fusion Bonding/Welding of Thermoplastic Composites,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composites 17 (2004): 303–341.
10.1177/0892705704045187
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
15X. Xiong, P. Zhao, R. Ren, Z. Zhang, X. Cu, and S. Ji, “Effect of Chemical Etching of Resistance Wire Surface on the Strength and Failure Mechanism of the Resistance-Welded Joint of Polyetherimide Composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 136 (2019): 47879.
10.1002/app.47879
Google Scholar
16H. Shi, I. F. Villegas, and H. E. N. Bersee, “Strength and Failure Modes in Resistance Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints: Effect of Fibre–Matrix Adhesion and Fibre Orientation,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 55 (2013): 1–10.
10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.08.008
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
17X. Xiong, D. Wang, R. Ren, P. Zhao, C. Xu, and S. Ji, “Improved Mechanical Properties of Resistance Welded Joints of Thermoplastic Composites by Versatile Graphene Oxide,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 1 (2020): 115.
Google Scholar
18K. Tanaka, K. Okada, and T. Katayama, “Influence of Holding Time and Pressure on Tensile Shear Strength of Resistance Welded CFRTP [J],” WIT Transactions on The Built Environment vol. 166 (2016): 351–359.
10.2495/HPSM160331
Google Scholar
19M. Dube, P. Hubert, A. Yousefpour, and J. Denault, “Current Leakage Prevention in Resistance Welding of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics,” Composites Science and Technology 68 (2008): 1579–1587.
10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.09.008
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
20X. Xiong, P. Zhao, R. Ren, Z. Zhang, X. Cui, and S. Ji, “Enhanced Hydrophobicity of Stainless-Steel Mesh Surface by Carbon Nanotube Arrays From Flame,” Materials Research Express 6 (2019): 095096.
10.1088/2053-1591/ab32b5
CAS Google Scholar
21V. Rohart, L. L. Lebel, and M. Dubé, “Improved Adhesion Between Stainless Steel Heating Element and PPS Polymer in Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites,” Composites: Part B 188 (2020): 107876.
10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107876
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
22X. Li, M. Sun, J. Song, T. Zhao, and K. Wang, “Enhanced Adhesion Between PEEK and Stainless-Steel Mesh in Resistance Welding of CF/PEEK Composites by Various Surface Treatments,” High Performance Polymers 33 (2021): 892–904.
10.1177/09540083211001115
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
23J. Wang, C. Xiao, S. Jia, R. Ren, and X. Xiong, “Ultrasonic welded joint failure mode of glass fiber/polyetherimide composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 140 (2023): e53847.
10.1002/app.53847
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
24M. Dube, P. Hubert, J. N. Gallet, D. Stavrov, H. E. Bersee, and A. Yousefpour, “Metal Mesh Heating Element Size Effect in Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites,” Journal of Composite Materials 46 (2012): 911–919.
10.1177/0021998311412986
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
25T. Ed, P. Hubert, and A. Yousefpour, “Optimization of thermoplastic composites resistance welding parameters based on transient heat transfer finite element modeling,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 26 (2013): 699–717.
10.1177/0892705711428657
Google Scholar
26D. Brassard, M. Dube, and J. R. Tavares, “Modelling Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites With a Nanocomposite Heating Element,” Journal of Composite Materials 55 (2020): 625–639.
10.1177/0021998320957055
Google Scholar
27D. Wei, Y. Guo, H. Zhu, M. Li, and S. Wang, “Influence of Electrical Heating Metal Mesh and Power Density on Resistance Welding of Carbon Fiber/PEEK Composite,” Polymers-Basel 14 (2022): 2563.
10.3390/polym14132563
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
28G. Zhao, T. Chen, X. Xia, et al., “Resistance Welding of Thermoplastic Composites With Nanofiber Films Prepared by Electrospinning Technique,” Composites: Part B 251 (2023): 110473.
10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110473
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar

Volume142, Issue10

March 10, 2025

e56554

Resistance Welding Joints of CF/PEEK Orthogonal Laminates Strengthened by in situ Grafting of ZnO-Nanowires: Preparation, Properties, and Mechanism

ABSTRACT

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Resistance Welding Joints of CF/PEEK Orthogonal Laminates Strengthened by in situ Grafting of ZnO-Nanowires: Preparation, Properties, and Mechanism

ABSTRACT

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

References

Related

Information