Early View e202503322
Research Article

Stable Yet Strongly Lewis-Acidic Anions Enabling Cooperative Catalysis with Cationic Transition-Metal Complexes

Ryo Mandai

Ryo Mandai

Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Prof. Dr. Takanori Iwasaki

Corresponding Author

Prof. Dr. Takanori Iwasaki

Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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Prof. Dr. Kyoko Nozaki

Corresponding Author

Prof. Dr. Kyoko Nozaki

Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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First published: 24 June 2025

Graphical Abstract

A stable tetraarylborate anion, BBcat, possessing strong Lewis acidity was synthesized. BBcat serves as a weakly coordinating counteranion for the cationic transition-metal complex, and its Ir complex exhibited up to 8.2-fold higher reaction rate than the common counteranion BArF in the hydrogen isotope exchange of 1,2-disubstituted arenes by cooperative catalysis of the cationic transition-metal complex and the Lewis-acidic counteranion.

Abstract

Ionic transition-metal complexes play a crucial role as catalysts in organic transformations. Their counteranions often stand aside from the catalytic cycle or occasionally participate in the catalytic cycle as a Brønsted base due to their nucleophilic character. Herein, we developed a stable yet Lewis-acidic anion, BBcat, based on tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and featuring Lewis-acidic catechol borane moieties and applied it to transition-metal catalysis to recognize Lewis-basic substrates. Upon admixture with Bu4NBBcat, 31P NMR chemical shift of O═PEt3 significantly lower-shifted, implying the strong Lewis acidity of BBcat despite being an anion. In an Ir complex supported by a bidentate phosphine ligand, BBcat resides in the second coordination sphere as a noncoordinating counteranion. Ir/PHOX-BBcat exhibited an 8.2-fold higher reaction rate than Ir/PHOX-BArF consisting of the non-coordinating anion in the hydrogen isotope exchange of acetophenone derivatives bearing additional Lewis-basic functionalities. The acceleration effect depends on the steric hindrance and basicity of the additional Lewis-basic sites, located at remote positions to the C─H bond to be deuterated. These results clearly indicate that the interaction of BBcat with the Lewis-basic sites plays a crucial role, facilitating cooperative catalysis of the cationic transition-metal center and the counteranion.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article.

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