Dose-Dependent Response of Personal Glucose Meters to Nicotinamide Coenzymes: Applications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics of Many Non-Glucose Targets in a Single Step
Graphical Abstract
Glucose & Personal: A wide range of non-glucose targets can be detected by using the dose-dependent response of personal glucose meters to nicotinamide coenzymes, such as the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Cascade enzymatic reactions result in the target-induced consumption or production of NADH, which in turn is detected by the glucose meter. This point-of-care device can be used for highly sensitive blood analysis in a single step.
Abstract
We report a discovery that personal glucose meters (PGMs) can give a dose-dependent response to nicotinamide coenzymes, such as the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). We have developed methods that take advantage of this discovery to perform one-step homogeneous assays of many non-glucose targets that are difficult to recognize by DNAzymes, aptamers, or antibodies, and without the need for conjugation and multiple steps of sample dilution, separation, or fluid manipulation. The methods are based on the target-induced consumption or production of NADH through cascade enzymatic reactions. Simultaneous monitoring of the glucose and L-lactate levels in human plasma from patients with diabetes is demonstrated and the results are comparable to those from current standard test methods. Since a large number of commercially available enzymatic assay kits utilize NADH in their detection, this discovery will allow the transformation of almost all of these clinical lab tests into POC tests that use a PGM.
