Father-to-daughter transmission of focal dermal hypoplasia associated with nonrandom X-inactivation: Support for X-linked inheritance and paternal X chromosome mosaicism

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare syndrome of severe developmental anomalies of the tissues and organs derived from ectoderm and mesoderm. Though data have suggested that FDH is an X-linked dominant trait associated with male hemizygote lethality, a hypothesis supported by the observation of three unrelated infants with FDH manifestations and de novo chromosome rearrangements involving Xp22, observations of father-to-daughter transmission have suggested possible genetic heterogeneity and autosomal dominant inheritance with sex limitation. We hypothesize that, if FDH is an X-linked disorder, cells expressing an active disease locus might experience a selective disadvantage resulting in a nonrandom pattern of X-inactivation in patient tissue. To test this hypothesis, we studied one of the two previously described families demonstrating father-to-daughter inheritance of FDH. To determine if the affected daughter had a skewed pattern of X-inactivation consistent with X-linked inheritance of FDH, somatic cell hybrids were constructed by fusing hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)-deficient rodent fibro-blasts with either patient dermal fibroblasts or peripheral white blood cells (WBCs); hybrid clones retaining an active X chromosome were analyzed to determine the parental origin of the active X chromosome. Analyses of resulting hybrid clones showed that while hybrids constructed from skin fibroblasts contained an active X chromosome inherited from either of the patient's parents, hybrids constructed from WBCs showed a skewed pattern of X-inactivation; 11 of 11 hybrids contained an active maternal X chromosome (X² = 12.2, P = .001). These findings indicated that, in this family, FDH was associated with a nonrandom pattern of X-inactivation consistent with X-linked inheritance, suggesting that the patient's father was mosaic for a mutant FDH allele.