Article
Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: A critical review of exposure limits and metrics
Dhimiter Bello ScD, MS,
Susan R. Woskie PhD, CIH,
Robert P. Streicher PhD,
Youcheng Liu MD, ScD,
Meredith H. Stowe PhD,
Ellen A. Eisen ScD,
Michael J. Ellenbecker ScD, CIH,
Judy Sparer MS, CIH,
Fred Youngs PhD,
Mark R. Cullen MD,
Carrie A. Redlich MD,
Corresponding Author
Dhimiter Bello ScD, MS
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts Lowell, Work Environment Department, KI 200, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854.Search for more papers by this authorSusan R. Woskie PhD, CIH
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorRobert P. Streicher PhD
Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorYoucheng Liu MD, ScD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorMeredith H. Stowe PhD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorEllen A. Eisen ScD
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Ellenbecker ScD, CIH
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorJudy Sparer MS, CIH
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorFred Youngs PhD
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorMark R. Cullen MD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorCarrie A. Redlich MD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorDhimiter Bello ScD, MS,
Susan R. Woskie PhD, CIH,
Robert P. Streicher PhD,
Youcheng Liu MD, ScD,
Meredith H. Stowe PhD,
Ellen A. Eisen ScD,
Michael J. Ellenbecker ScD, CIH,
Judy Sparer MS, CIH,
Fred Youngs PhD,
Mark R. Cullen MD,
Carrie A. Redlich MD,
Corresponding Author
Dhimiter Bello ScD, MS
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts Lowell, Work Environment Department, KI 200, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854.Search for more papers by this authorSusan R. Woskie PhD, CIH
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorRobert P. Streicher PhD
Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
Search for more papers by this authorYoucheng Liu MD, ScD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorMeredith H. Stowe PhD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorEllen A. Eisen ScD
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Ellenbecker ScD, CIH
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorJudy Sparer MS, CIH
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorFred Youngs PhD
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
Search for more papers by this authorMark R. Cullen MD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorCarrie A. Redlich MD
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
Determination of polyisocyanates is important because they are a major contributor of exposure to the isocyanate functional group in many workplace environments and are capable of inducing sensitization and asthma. However, with multiple different measurement metrics in use, comparison of isocyanate exposure data between studies and development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for polyisocyanates is difficult.
Methods
An analysis of existing problems in the measurement and regulation of isocyanates is presented based on the published analytical, toxicological, and regulatory literature, and the authors' own analytical data and experience with isocyanates.
Results
This analysis supports a need for standardization of isocyanate measurement metrics and provides a framework for the development of an OEL for polyisocyanates.
Conclusions
The total isocyanate group (μg NCO/m3) is recommended as the most feasible and practical metric (unit) by which to express polyisocyanate exposures for research, control, and regulatory purposes. The establishment of a comprehensive isocyanate OEL that simplifies the current agent-by-agent approach and expands coverage to polyisocyanates is also recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:480–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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