Chapter 13
3D and 4D Scaffold-Free Bioprinting
Chin Siang Ong,
Pooja Yesantharao,
Narutoshi Hibino,
Chin Siang Ong
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorPooja Yesantharao
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorNarutoshi Hibino
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorChin Siang Ong,
Pooja Yesantharao,
Narutoshi Hibino,
Chin Siang Ong
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorPooja Yesantharao
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorNarutoshi Hibino
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287 USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Mohammed Maniruzzaman,
Mohammed Maniruzzaman
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK, BN1 9QG
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 14 December 2018
Summary
This chapter discusses three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-free bioprinting, four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, and the recent efforts at 4D scaffold-free bioprinting. The basic unit in 3D scaffold-free bioprinting is a multicellular spheroid. When the spheroids are ready, the 3D bioprinter is set up, with 3D bioprinting equipment autoclaved before use, for sterility. 4D bioprinting involves the use of 4D printing techniques to fabricate the biological structures through the patterning and assembly of biologically relevant materials. "Smart" materials are defined as those that can sense a particular stimulus from the surrounding environment and create some type of response. 4D bioprinting technologies allow for greater biomimeticity than 3D bioprinting because of their responsiveness to stimuli and their ability to change in a controlled manner over time. 4D bioprinting is led by the development of "smart" materials that are preprogrammed to respond to a predefined external stimulus in a certain way.
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