Chapter 87
The Primary Cell Walls of Higher Plants
Jocelyn K. C. Rose,
Malcolm A. O'Neill,
Peter Albersheim,
Alan Darvill,
Jocelyn K. C. Rose
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm A. O'Neill
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Albersheim
Search for more papers by this authorAlan Darvill
Search for more papers by this authorJocelyn K. C. Rose,
Malcolm A. O'Neill,
Peter Albersheim,
Alan Darvill,
Jocelyn K. C. Rose
Search for more papers by this authorMalcolm A. O'Neill
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Albersheim
Search for more papers by this authorAlan Darvill
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Beat Ernst,
Prof. Dr. Gerald W. Hart,
Prof. Dr. Pierre Sinaý,
Prof. Dr. Beat Ernst
Institut für Molekulare Pharmazie, Universität Basel, Klingenbergstrasse 50, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Gerald W. Hart
Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolf St. Rm., 401 Hunterian Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Pierre Sinaý
Dept. de Chimie, URA 1686, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
Search for more papers by this authorBook Author(s):Prof. Dr. Beat Ernst,
Prof. Dr. Gerald W. Hart,
Prof. Dr. Pierre Sinaý,
Prof. Dr. Beat Ernst
Institut für Molekulare Pharmazie, Universität Basel, Klingenbergstrasse 50, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Gerald W. Hart
Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolf St. Rm., 401 Hunterian Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Pierre Sinaý
Dept. de Chimie, URA 1686, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
The prelims comprise:
-
Introduction (What is a Cell Wall?)
-
Purification of Cell Walls and Isolation of Wall Components
-
The Structural Components of the Primary Cell Wall
-
Biosynthesis of Wall Components
-
Organization of the Plant Primary Cell Wall
-
Cellulose-Xyloglucan Interactions
-
Interactions Between Pectins and Other Cell Wall Components
-
Glycoproteins in the Cell Wall
-
Heterogeneity in the Primary Cell Wall
-
Function and Metabolism of Plant Primary Cell Walls
-
Intercellular Transport and Storage
-
Biotechnology and Future Directions in the Commercial Applications of Plant Primary Cell Walls
References
- R.R. Selvendran, M.A. O'Neill, Isolation and analysis of cell walls from plant material. In D. Glick (Ed.) Methods of Biochemical Analysis Vol 32, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1985, pp 25–153.
- W.S. York, A.G. Darvill, M. McNeil, T.T. Stevenson, P. Albersheim, Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall constituents. Methods Enzymol, 1985, 118, 3–40.
- S.B. Jones, A.E. Luchsinger, Plant Sytematics, McGraw-Hill Inc, New York. 1986.
- N.C. Carpita, D.M. Gibeaut, Structural models of primary-cell walls in flowering plants—consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the wall during growth. Plant J, 1993, 3, 1–30.
- J.T. Thomas, M. McNeil, A.G. Darvill, P. Albersheim, Structure of Plant Cell Walls. XIX. Isolation and characterization of wall polysaccharides from suspension-cultured Douglas fir cells. Plant Physiol, 1987, 83, 659–671.
- P. Albersheim, A.G. Darvil, M.A. O'Neill, H.A. Schols, A.G.J Voragen, An hypothesis: The same six polysaccharides are components of the primary cell walls of all higher plants. In J. Visser and A.G.J. Voragen (Eds.). Pectins and Pectinases. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1996, pp 47–55.
- N.C. Carpita, Structure and biogenesis of the cell walls of grasses. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 1996, 47, 445–476.
- W.S. York, V.S.K. Kolli, R. Orlando, P. Albersheim, A.G. Darvill, The structures of arabinoxyloglucans produced by solanaceous plants. Carbohydr Res, 1996, 285, 99–128.
- T. Ishii, Structure and function of feruloylated polysaccharides. Plant Sci, 1997, 127, 111–127.
-
M.A. O'Neill,
P. Albersheim,
A.G. Darvill,
The pectic polysaccharides of primary cell walls.
In P.M. Dey (Ed.)
Methods in Plant Biochemistry Vol 2 Carbohydrates.
Academic Press, London
1990,
pp 415–441.
10.1016/B978-0-12-461012-5.50018-5 Google Scholar
- M. Kobayashi, T. Matoh, J. Azuma, Two chains of rhamnogalacturonan-II are cross-linked by borate-diol ester bonds in higher plant cell-walls. Plant Physiol, 1996, 110, 1017–1020.
- M.A. O'Neill, D. Warrenfeltz, K. Kates, P. Pellerin, T. Doco, A.G. Darvill, P. Albersheim, Rhamnogalacturonan II, a pectic polysaccharide in the walls of growing plant cells, forms a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a borate ester. J. Biol Chem, 1996, 271, 22923–22930.
- S. Eda, Y. Akiyama, K. Kato, A. Ishizu, J. Nakano, A galactoglucomannan from cell walls of suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. Carbohydr Res, 1985, 137, 173–181.
- B.G. Smith, P.J. Harris, Polysaccharide composition of unlignified cell walls of pineapple [Annus comosus (L.) Merr.] fruit. Plant Physiol, 1995, 107, 1399–1409.
- G.I. Cassab, Plant cell wall proteins. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 1998, 49, 281–309.
- D.J. Cosgrove, Relaxation in a high-stress environment: the molecular bases of extensible cell walls and cell enlargement. Plant Cell, 1997, 9, 1031–1041.
- E. Epstein, The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91, 11–17.
- D.P. Delmer, Y. Amor, Cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell, 1995, 7, 987–1000.
- D.M. Gibeaut, N.C. Carpita, Biosynthesis of plant-cell wall polysaccharides. FASEB J, 1994, 8, 904–915.
-
D. Mohnen,
Biosynthesis of pectins and galactomannans.
In B.M. Pinto (Ed.)
Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry Vol 3 Carbohydrates and their derivatives including tannins, cellulose, and related lignins.
Elsevier, Amsterdam,
1999,
pp 497–527.
10.1016/B978-0-08-091283-7.00099-0 Google Scholar
-
D.S. Feingold,
Aldo (and keto) hexoses and uronic acids.
In FA. Loewus and
W. Tanner (Eds.).
Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology Vol 13 A.
Springer Verlag, Berlin.
1982,
pp 3–76.
10.1007/978-3-642-68275-9_1 Google Scholar
- R.L. Doong, J.E. Gander, R.J. Ganson, R.A. Jensen, The cytostolic isoenzyme of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in Spinacia oleracea and other higher plants—extreme substrate ambiguity and other properties. Physiol Planta, 1992, 84, 351–360.
- A. Faik, C. Chileshe, J. Sterling, G. Maclachlan, Xyloglucan galactosyl- and fucosyltransferase activities from pea microsomes. Plant Physiol, 1997, 114, 245–254.
- R.M. Perrin, A.E. DeRocher, M. Bar-Peled, W. Zeng, L. Norambuena, A. Orellana, N.V. Raikhel, K. Keegstra, Xyloglucan fucosyltranseferase, an enzyme involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Science, 1999, 284, 1976–1979.
- T. Bourlard, P. Pellerin, C. Morvan, Rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II are pectic substrates for flax-cell methyl transferases. Plant Physiol Biochem, 1997, 35, 623–629.
- Y. Kawagoe, D.P. Delmer, Recent progress in the field of cellulose synthesis. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 1998, 10, 291–305.
- D.P. Delmer, P. Ohana, L. Gonen, M. Benziman, In-vitro synthesis of cellulose in plants—still a long way to go. Plant Physiol, 1993, 103, 307–308.
- K. Kudlicka, R.M. Brown, Cellulose and callose biosynthesis in higher-plants. I. Solubilization and separation of 1,3-β-glucan and 1,4-β-glucan synthase activities from mung bean. Plant Physiol, 1997, 115, 643–656.
- T. Arioli, L.C. Peng, A.S. Betzner, J. Burn, W. Wittke, C.W. Herth, C. Camilleri, H. Hofte, J. Plazinski, R Birch, A. Cork, J. Glover, J. Redmond, R.E. Williamson, Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science, 1998, 279, 717–720.
- J.R. Pear, Y. Kawagoe, W.E. Schreckengost, D.P. Delmer, D.M. Stalker, Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93 12637–12642.
- K. Keegstra, K.W. Talmadge, W.D. Bauer, P. Albersheim, Structure of plant cell walls. III. A model of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells based on the interconnections of the macromolecular components. Plant Physiol, 1973, 51, 188–197.
- J.E. Varner, S-L. Lin, Plant cell wall architecture. Cell, 1989, 56, 231–239.
- L.F. Talbott, P.M. Ray, Molecular size and separability features of pea cell wall polysaccharides: implications for models of primary wall structure. Plant Physiol 1992, 98, 357–368.
- G.O. Aspinall, J.A. Molloy, J.W.T. Craig, Extracellular polysaccharides from suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Can J Biochem, 1969, 47, 1063–1070.
- W.D. Bauer, K.W. Talmadge, K. keegstra, P. Albersheim, The structure of plant cell walls. II. the hemicellulose of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol, 1973, 51, 174–187.
- T. Hayashi, M.P.F. Marsden, D.P. Delmer, Pea xyloglucan and cellulose. V. Xyloglucan-cellulose interactions in vitro and in vivo. Plant Physiol, 1987, 83, 384–389.
- R.H. Atalla, J.M. Hackney, I. Uhlin, N.S. Thompson, Hemicelluloses as structure regulators in the aggregation of native cellulose. Intl J Biol Macromol, 1993, 15, 109–112.
- S. Levy, W.S. York, R. Stuikeprill, B. Meyer, L.A. Staehelin, Simulations of the static and dynamic molecular-conformations of xyloglucan—the role of the fucosylated side-chain in surface-specific side-chain folding. Plant J, 1991, 1, 195–215.
- V.L. Finkenstadt, T.L. Hendrixson, R.P. Millane, Models of xyloglucan binding to cellulose microfibrils. J. Carbohydr Chem, 1995, 14, 601–611.
- K. Ogawa, T. Hayashi, K. Okamura, Conformational analysis of xyloglucan. Intl J Biol Macromol, 1990, 12, 218–222.
- I.E.P. Taylor, E.D.T. Atkins, X-ray diffraction studies on the xyloglucan from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed. FEBS Lett, 1986, 181, 300–302.
- S. Levy, G. Maclachlan, L.A. Staehelin, Xyloglucan side-chains modulate binding to cellulose during in-vitro binding assays as predicted by conformational dynamics simulations. Plant J, 1997, 11, 373–386.
- T. Hayashi, Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 1989, 40, 139–168.
- M.C. McCann, B. Wells, K. Roberts, Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall. J. Cell Sci, 1990, 96 323–334.
- H.G. Edelmann, S.C. Fry, Factors that affect the extraction of xyloglucan from the primary-cell walls of suspension-cultured rose cells. Carbohydr Res, 1992, 228, 423–431.
- M. Pauly, P. Albersheim, A. Darvill, W.S. York, A model for the cellulose/xyloglucan network in the cell walls of higher plants. Plant J, 2000, 3in press.
- M.C. McCann, M. Hammouri, R. Wilson, P. Belton, K. Roberts, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy is a new way to look at plant cell walls. Plant Physiol, 1992, 100, 1940–1947.
- S.E.C. Whitney, J.E. Brigham, A.H. Drake, J.S.G. Reid, M.J. Gidley, In vitro assembly of cellulose-xyloglucan networks: Ultrastructural and molecular aspects. Plant J, 1995, 8, 491–504.
- K. Baba, Y. Sone, A. Misaki, T. Hayashi, Localization of xyloglucan in the macromolecular complex composed of xyloglucan and cellulose in pea stems. Plant Cell Physiol, 1994, 35, 439–444.
- J.K.C. Rose, A.B. Bennett, Copperative dissasembly of the cellulose-xyloglucan network of plant cell walls; parallels between cell expansion and fruit ripening. Trends Plant Sci, 1999, 4, 176–183.
- P.W. Needs, N.M. Rigby, I.J. Colquhoun, S.G. Ring, Conflicting evidence for non-methyl galacturonoyl esters in Daucus carota. Phytochemistry, 1998, 48, 71–77.
- T. Ishii, T. Matsunaga, P. Pellerin, M.A. O'Neill, A. Darvill, P. Albersheim, The plant cell wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II self-assembles into a covalently cross-linked dimer. J Biol Chem, 1999, in press.
- T. Matoh, M. Kobayashi, Boron and calcium, essential inorganic constituents of pectic polysaccharides in higher plant cell walls. J Plant Res, 1998, 111, 179–190.
- H.N. Hu, P.H. Brown, J.M. Labavitch, Species variability in boron requirements is correlated with cell-wall pectin. J Exp Bot, 1996, 47, 227–232.
- T. Matoh, S. Kawaguchi, M. Kobayashi, Ubiuity of a borate rhamnogalacturonan-II complex in the cell-walls of higher plants. Plant Cell Physiol, 1996, 37, 636–640.
- P.H. Brown, H. Hu., Does boron play only a structural role in the growing tissues of higher plants? Plant Soil, 1997, 196, 211–215.
- A. Fleischer, M.A. O'Neill, R. Ehwald, The pore size of non-graminaceous plant cell walls is rapidly decreased by borate-ester cross-linking of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121, 829–838.
- M.C. McCann, K. Roberts, Changes in cell wall architecture during cell elongation. J. Exp. Bot, 1994, 45, 1683–1691.
- M.A. O'Neill, A.G. Darvill, P. Albersheim P, (1999) Pectic substances. In Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, MacMillan Reference, London, In press.
- M.C. McCann, K. Roberts, R.H. Wilson, M.J. Gidley, D.M. Gibeaut, J.B. Kim, N. Carpita, Old and new ways to probe plant cell-wall architecture. Can J Bot, 1995, 73, S103–S113.
- A.J. McDougall, N.M. Rigby, S.G. Ring, Phase separation of plant cell wall polysaccharides and its implications for cell wall assembly. Plant Physiol, 1997, 114, 353–362.
- S.C. Fry, Phenolic components of the primary cell wall. Biochem J, 1982, 203, 493–504.
- F. Guillon, J-F. Thibault, Oxidative cross-linking of chemically and enzymatically modified sugar-beet pectin. Carbohydr Polymers, 1990, 12, 353–374.
- J.B. Kim, N.C. Carpita, Changes in esterification of the uronic-acid groups of cell-wall polysaccharides during elongation of maize coleoptiles. Plant Physiol, 1992, 98, 646–653.
- G.B. Seymour, I.J. Colquhoun, M.S. DuPont, K.R. Parsley, R.R. Selvendran, Composition and structural features of cell wall polysaccharides from tomato fruits. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29, 725–732.
- M.A. Coimbra, N.M. Rigby, R.R. Selvendran, K.W. Waldron, Investigation of the occurrence of xylan-xyloglucan complexes in the cell walls of Olive pulp (Olea europaea). Carbohydr Polymers, 1995, 27, 277–284.
- J. Fu, A.J. Mort, More evidence for covalent attachment of xyloglucan to the rhamnogalacturonan of cotton suspension culture cell walls. Plant Physiol, 1995, 108 (Suppl), 123.
- D. Robertson, G.P. Mitchell, J.S. Gilroy, C. Gerrish, G.P. Bolwell, A.R. Slabas, Differential extraction and protein sequencing reveals major differences in patterns of primary cell wall proteins from plants. J Biol Chem 1997, 272, 15841–15848.
- D.T.A. Lamport, The primary cell wall: a new model. In RA Young and RM Rowell (Eds.) Cellulose: Structure, Modifications and Hydrolysis. John Wiley, New York 1986, pp 77–90.
- C. Schultz, P. Gilson, D. Oxley, J. Youl, A. Bacic, GPI-anchors on arabinogalactan-proteins: implications for signaling in plants. Trends Plant Sci, 1998, 3, 426–431.
- N.M. Steele; M.C. McCann, K. Roberts, Pectin modification in cell walls of ripening tomatoes occurs in distinct domains. Plant Physiol, 1997, 114, 373–381.
- G. Freshour, R.P. Clay, M.S. Fuller, P. Albersheim, A.G. Darvill, M.G. Hahn, Developmental and tissue-specific structural alterations of the cell wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Plant Physiol, 1996, 110, 1413–1429.
- E. Shedletzky, M. Shmuel, D.P. Delmer, D.T.A. Lamport Adaptation and growth of tomato cells on the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile leads to production of unique cell walls virtually lacking a cellulose-xyloglucan network. Plant Physiol 1990, 94, 980–987.
- B. Wells, M.C. McCann, E. Shedletzky, D.P. Delmer, K. Roberts, Structural features of cell walls from tomato cells adapted to grow on the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. J. Microscop 1994, 173, 155–164.
- R.P. Sabba, N.A. Durso, K.C. Vaughn, Structural and immunocytochemical characterization of the walls of dichlorobenil-adapted BY-2 tobacco cells. Int J Plant Sci, 1999, 160, 275–290.
- D.J. Cosgrove, Wall extensibility: its nature, measurement and relationship to plant cell growth. New Phytol, 1993, 124, 1–23.
- T.E. Proseus, K.E. Ortega, J.S. Boyer, Separating growth from elastic deformation during cell enlargement. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119, 775–784.
- D.J. Cosgrove, Cell wall loosening by expansins. Plant Physiol, 1998, 118, 333–339.
- A.J. Fleming, S. McQueen-Mason, T. Mandel, C. Kuhlemeier, Induction of leaf primordia by the cell-wall protein expansin. Science, 1997, 276, 1415–1418.
- D. Reinhardt, F. Wittwer, T. Mandel, C. Kuhlemeier, Localized upregulation of a new expansin gene predicts the site of leaf formation in the tomato meristem. Plant Cell, 1998, 10, 1427–1437.
- M-H. Yung, R. Schaffer, J. Putterill, Identification of genes expressed during early Arabidopsis carpel development by mRNA differential display: Characterization of ATCEL2, a novel endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase. Plant J, 1999, 17, 203–208.
- C.B.S. Tong, K.C. Gross, Glycosyl-linkage composition of tomato fruit cell wall hemicellulosic fractions during ripening. Physiol Plant, 1988, 74, 365–370.
- J.K.C. Rose, K.A. Hadfield, J.M. Labavitch, A.B. Bennett, Temporal sequence of cell wall disassembly in rapidly ripening melon fruit. Plant Physiol, 1998, 117, 345–361.
- J.K.C. Rose, H.H. Lee, A.B. Bennett, Expression of a divergent expansin gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997, 94, 5955–5960.
- J.D. Walton, Deconstructing the cell wall. Plant Physiol, 1994, 104, 1113–1118.
- F. Cote, M.G. Hahn, Oligosaccharins—structures and signal-transduction. Plant Mol Biol, 1994, 26, 1379–1411.
- B.J. Cook, R.P. Clay, C.W. Bergmann, P. Albersheim, A.G. Darvill, Fungal polygalacturonases exhibit different substrate degradation patterns and differ in their susceptibility to polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins. Mol Plant Microbe Int, 1999, 12, 703–711.
- K.S. Ham, S.C. Wu, A.G. Darvill, P. Albersheim, Fungal pathogens secrete an inhibitor protein that distinguishes isoforms of plant pathogenesis-related endo-β-glucanses. Plant J, 1997, 11, 169–179.
- A. Darvill, C. Augur, C. Bergmann, R.W. Carlson, J.J. Cheong, S. Eberhard, M.G. Hahn, V-M. Lo, V. Marfa, B. Meyer, D. Mohnen, M.A. O'Neill, M.D. Spiro, H. Vanhalbeek, Oligosaccharins—oligosaccharides that regulate growth, development and defense responses in plants. Glycobiology, 1992, 2, 181–198.
- W.S. York, A.G. Darvill, P. Albersheim, Inhibition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-stimulated elongation of pea stem segments by a xyloglucan oligosaccharide. Plant Physiol, 1984, 75, 295–297.
- R.A. Creelman, J.E. Mullet, Oligosaccharins, brassinolides, and jasmonates: Nontraditional regulators of plant growth, development, and gene expression. Plant Cell, 1997, 9, 1211–1223.
- O. Auxtova-samajova, D. Liskova, D. Kakoniova, M. Kubackova, S. Karasonyi, L. Bilisics, Inhibition of auxin stimulated short-term elongation growth of pea stem segments by galactoglucomannan-derived oligosaccharides. J Plant Physiol, 1996, 147, 611–613.
- L.A. Mezitt, W.J. Lucas, Plasmodesmal cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleic acids. Plant Mol Biol, 1996, 32, 251–273.
- W-D. Reiter, Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system to study synthesis, structure, and function of the plant cell wall. Plant Physiol Biochem, 1998, 36, 167–176.
- A. Staehelin, What is a plant cell? A response. Plant Cell, 1991, 3, 553.
