Chapter 12
Microbiology of Natural Mineral Waters
Henri Leclerc,
Milton S. da Costa,
Henri Leclerc
Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, France
Search for more papers by this authorMilton S. da Costa
Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorHenri Leclerc,
Milton S. da Costa,
Henri Leclerc
Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, France
Search for more papers by this authorMilton S. da Costa
Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Nicholas Dege,
Nicholas Dege
Nestlé Waters North America, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Groundwater habitat
-
Bottle habitat
-
Microbial community
-
Inhibitory effect of autochthonous bacteria
-
Assessing health risk from autochthonous microflora
-
Assessment and management of microbial health risks
-
Conclusion
-
References
-
Further reading
REFERENCES
- Abbaszadegan, M., Stewart, P. & LeChevallier, M. (1999) A strategy for detection of viruses in groundwater by PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 444–449.
- Afonso, A., Teixeira, G., Cunha, J., et al. (1998a) Factors affecting survival of pathogens in a Portuguese bottled mineral water. Poster presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Microbiology. Supplement to Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85(1), P15.
- Afonso, A., Teixeira, G., Cunha, J., et al. (1998b) Survival of pathogens in a Portuguese bottled mineral water. Poster presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Microbiology. Supplement to Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85(1), P14.
- Amann, R. I. (1995) Fluorescently labelled, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes in the study of microbial ecology. Molecular Ecology, 4, 543–553.
- Amann, R. I. & Ludwig, W. (2000) Ribosomal RNA-targeted nucleic acid probes for studies in microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiological Review, 24, 555–565.
- Amann, R. I., Binder, B. J., Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Devereux, R. & Stahl, D. A. (1990a) Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 1919–1925.
- Amann, R. I., Krumholz, L. & Stahl, D. A. (1990b) Fluorescent-oligonucleotide probing of whole cells for determinative, phylogenetic, and environmental studies in microbiology. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 762–770.
- Amann, R. I., Ludwig, W. & Schleifer, K. H. (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Reviews, 59, 143–169.
- American Public Health Association (1985) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 853–917.
- Atlas, R. M. (1999) Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. Environmental Microbiology, 1, 283–293.
- Baida, N., Yazourh, A., Singer, E. & Izard, D. (2001) Pseudomonas brenneri sp. nov., a new species isolated from natural mineral waters. Research in Microbiology, 152, 493–502.
- Baida, N., Yazourh, A., Singer, E. & Izard, D. (2002) Pseudomonas grimontii sp. nov., a new species isolated from natural mineral waters. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 52, 1497–1503.
- Baker, R. M., Singleton, F. L. & Hood, M. A. (1983) Effects of nutrient deprivation on Vibrio cholerae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 930–940.
- Baldini, I., Current, E. & Scandelari, E. (1973) Rilievi e osservazioni sulle modificazioni; nel tempo, della flora microbica naturale di un' acqua minerale imbottigliata in relazione al giudizio igienico. Annali di sanita publica, 33, 1009–1021.
- Balkwill, D. L. (1989) Numbers, diversity, and morphological characteristics of aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria in deep subsurface sediments from a site in South Carolina. Geomicrobiology Journal, 7, 33–52.
- Balkwill, D. L. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1985) Characterization of subsurface bacteria associated with two shallow aquifers in Oklahoma. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 580–588.
- Balkwill, D. L., Leach, F. R., Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F. & White, D. C. (1988) Equivalence of microbial biomass measures based on membrane lipid and cell wall components, adenosine triphosphate, and direct counts in subsurface aquifer sediments. Microbial Ecology, 16, 73–84.
- Bar-Or, Y. (1990) Hydrophobicity in the aquatic environment. In Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity, R. J. Doyle & M. Rosenberg (eds.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 211–228.
- Berg, J., Aieta, E. M. & Roberts, P. V. (1979) Effectiveness of chlorine dioxide as a wastewater disinfectant. In Progress in Wastewater Technology, Proceedings of the National Symposium, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 1978, A. D. Venosa (ed.). EPA-600/9–018, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, pp. 61–71.
- Berg, J., Hoff, J. C., Roberts, P. V. & Matin, A. (1984) Growth of Legionella pneumophila in continuous culture and its sensitivity to inactivation by chloride dioxide. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 2465–2467.
- Beuret, C., Kohler, D. & Luthi, T. (2000) Norwalk-like virus sequences detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mineral waters imported into or bottled in Switzerland. Journal of Food Protection, 63, 1576–1582.
- Bischofberger, T., Cha, S. K., Schmitt, R., König, B. & Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1990) The bacterial flora of non-carbonated, Natural Mineral Water from the springs to reservoir and glass and plastic bottles. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 11, 51–72.
- Blom, A., Harder, W. & Matin, A. (1992) Unique and overlapping pollutant stress proteins of Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 331–334.
- Bogosian, G., Morris, P. J. L. & O'Neil, J. (1998) A mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 1736–1742.
- Bornstein, N., Marmet, D., Surgot, M., et al. (1989) Exposure to Legionellaceae at a hot spring spa: a prospective clinical and serological study. Epidemiology and Infection, 102, 31–36.
- Botzenhart, K. & Röpke, S. (1971) Lebensfähigkeit und Vermehrung von Pseudomonas aeruginosa in anorganischen Salzlösungen. Archives of Hygiene, 154, 509–516.
- Botzenhart, K. & Kufferath, R. (1976) On the growth of various Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes spp. in distilled water, deionized water, tap water and mineral salt solution. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 1 Abt. Omg. B163, 470–485.
- Budzikiewicz, H. (1993) Secondary metabolites from fluorescent pseudomonads. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 104, 209–228.
- Burge, S. H. & Hunter, P. R. (1990) The survival of enteropathogenic bacteria in bottled mineral water. Rivista Italiana d'Igiene, 50, 401–406.
- Buttiaux, R. & Boudier, A. (1960) Comportement des bactéries autotrophes dans les eaux minérales conservées en récipients hermétiquement clos. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur de Lille, 11, 43–52.
- Calderon, R. L. & Mood, E. W. (1988) Bacterial colonizing point-of-use, granular activated carbon filters and their relationship to human health. US Environmental Protection Agency, CR-811904–01–0.
- Calderon, R. L. & Mood, E. W. (1991) Bacterial colonizing point-of-entry, granular activated carbon filters and their relationship to human health. US Environmental Protection Agency, CR-813978–01–0.
- Chalmers, R. M., Aird, H. & Bolton, F. J. (2000) Waterborne Escherichia coli O157. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 124S–132S.
- Chapelle, F. H. (1993) Groundwater Microbiology & Geochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Chapelle, F. H., Morris, J. T., McMahon, P. B. & Zelibor, J. L. Jr (1988) Bacterial metabolism and the del-13C composition of groundwater, Floridan aquifer, South Carolina. Geology, 16, 117–121.
- Codex Alimentarius (1997) Draft revised standard for Natural Mineral Waters. Alinorm 97/20, appendix II.
- Colwell, R. R., Brayton, P. R., Grimes, D. J., Roszak, D. B., Huq, S. A. & Palmer, L. M. (1985) Viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae and related pathogens in the environment: implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Biotechnology, 3, 817–820.
- Coroler, L., Elomari, M., Hoste, B., Gillis, M., Izard, D. & Leclerc, H. (1996) Pseudomonas rhodesiae sp. nov., a new species isolated from Natural Mineral Waters. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19, 600–607.
-
Costerton, J. W. & Colwell, R. R. (1979) Native Aquatic Bacteria: Enumeration, Activity, and Ecology. American Society For Testing and Materials, STP 695, Philadelphia.
10.1520/STP695-EB Google Scholar
- Covert, T. C., Rodgers, M. R., Reyes, A. L. & Stelma, G. N. (1999) Occurrence of nontuberculous myco-bacteria in environmental samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 2492–2496.
- Dabboussi, F., Hamze, M., Elomari, M., et al. (1999a) Pseudomonas libanensis sp. nov., a new species isolated from Lebanese spring waters. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49, 1091–1101.
- Dabboussi, F., Hamze, M., Elomari, M., et al. (1999b) Taxonomy study of bacteria isolated from Lebanese spring waters: proposal for Pseudomonas cedrella sp. nov. and P. orientalis sp. nov. Research in Microbiology, 150, 303–316.
- Daley, R. J. & Hobbie, J. E. (1975) Direct counts of aquatic bacteria by a modified epifluorescence technique. Limnology and Oceanography, 20, 875–882.
- Davey, M. E. & O'Toole, G. A. (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiology and Molecular Biological Review, 64, 847–867.
- Davis, S. N. & De Wiest, R. J. M. (1966) Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- De Felip, G., Toti, L. & Iannicelli, P. (1976) Osservazzioni comparative sull' andamento della flora micro-bica delle acque minerali naturali confezionate in vetro ‘PVC’ e ‘tetrabrik’. Annali dell Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 12, 203–209.
- Delabroise, A. M. & Ducluzeau, R. (1974) Le microbisme naturel de l'eau minérale, son développement, son innocuité sur l'organisme. Annales d'Hygiène, Médecine et Nutrition, 10, 189–192.
- De Vos, P. & De Ley, J. (1983) Intra- and intergeneric similarities of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistrons. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 33, 487–509.
- De Vos, P., Kersters, K., Falsen, E., et al. (1985) Comamonas Davis and Park 1962 gen. nov., nom. rev. emend., and Comamonas terrigena Hugh 1962 sp. nov. nom. rev. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 35, 443–453.
- De Vos, P., Van Landschoot, A., Segers, P., et al. (1989) Genotypic relationships and taxonomic localization of unclassified Pseudomonas and Pseudomonas-like strains by deoxyribonucleic acid: ribosomal ribonucleic acid hybridizations. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 39, 35–49.
- Dickgiesser, N. & Rittweger, F. (1979) Examinations on the behaviour of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in aqua bidest and tap water at different initial colony counts and different temperatures. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde Infektionskrank heiter und Hygiene Abt. 1 Originale, 169, 308–319.
- Dive, D., Picard, J. P. & Leclerc, H. (1979) Les amibes dans les eaux d'alimentation: évaluation des risques. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur), 130A, 487–498.
- Ducluzeau, R. & Raibaud, P. (1974) Interaction between Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri in the digestive tract of ‘gnotobiotic’ mice. Infection and Immunology, 9, 730–733.
- Ducluzeau, R. & Raibaud, P. (1976) La compétition bactérienne dans le tube digestif. La Recherche, 65, 270–272.
- Ducluzeau, R. & Raibaud, P. (1979) Ecologie microbienne du tube digestif: ces microbes qui nous protè-gent. Masson, Paris.
- Ducluzeau, R., Bochand, J. M. & Dufresne, S. (1976a) La microflore autochtone de l'eau minérale: nature, caractères physiologiques, signification hygiénique. Médecine et Nutrition, 12(2), 115–119.
- Ducluzeau, R., Dufresne, S. & Bochand, J. M. (1976b) Inoculation of the digestive tract of axenic mice with the autochthonous bacteria of mineral water. European Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2, 127–134.
- Ducluzeau, R., Hudault, S. & Galpin, J. V. (1976c) Longevity of various bacterial strains of intestinal origin in gas-free mineral water. European Journal of Applied Microbiology, 3, 227–236.
- Duncan, H. E. & Edberg, S. C. (1995) Host–microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Critical Reviews of Microbiology, 21, 85–100.
- Edberg, S. C. (1996) Assessing health risk in drinking water from naturally occurring microbes. Journal of Environmental Health, 58, 18–24.
- Edberg, S. C., Gallo, P. & Kontnick, C. (1996) Analysis of the virulence characteristics of bacteria isolated from bottled, water cooler, and tap water. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 9, 67–77.
- Edberg, S. C., Kops, S., Kontnick, C. & Escarzaga, M. (1997) Analysis of cytotoxicity and invasiveness of heterotrophic plate count bacteria (HPC) isolated from drinking water on blood media. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82, 455–461.
- Edberg, S. C., Rice, E. W., Karlin, R. J. & Alen, M. J. (2000) Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 106S–116S.
- EC (1980) Council Directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption (80/778/EEC). Official Journal of European Community, L229, 11–29.
- EC (1998) Council Directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption (98/83/EEC). Official Journal of European Community, L330, 32–54.
- Elomari, M., Coroler, L., Hoste, B., Gillis, M., Izard, D. & Leclerc, H. (1996) DNA relatedness among Pseudomonas strains isolated from Natural Mineral Waters and proposal of Pseudomonas veronii sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46, 1138–1144.
- Falkinham, III J. O., Norton, C. D. & LeChevallier, M. W. (2001) Factors influencing numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and other mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(3), 1225–1231.
- Favero, M. S., Carson, L. A., Bond, W. W. & Petersen, N. J. (1971) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: growth in distilled water from hospitals. Science, 177, 836–838.
- Ferreira, A. C., Morais, P. V. & da Costa, M. S. (1993) Alterations in total bacteria, iodonitrophenyltetrazolium (INT)-positive bacteria, and heterotrophic plate counts of bottled mineral water. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 40, 72–77.
- Fletcher, M. (1979) The attachment of bacteria to surfaces in aquatic environments. In Adhesion of Microorganisms to Surfaces, D. G. Ellwood, J. Melling & P. Rutter (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 87–108.
- Fred, E. B., Wilson, F. C. & Davenport, A. (1924) The distribution and significance of bacteria in Lake Mendota. Ecology, 5, 322–339.
- Frederikson, J. K. & Phelps, T. J. (1997) Subsurface drilling and sampling. In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, C. J. Hurst & G. R. Knudsen (eds). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 527–540.
- Frederikson, J. K., Garland, T. R., Hicks, R. J., Thomas, J. M., Li, S. W. & McFadden, S. M. (1989) Lithotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in deep subsurface sediments and their relation to sediment properties. Geomicrobiology Journal, 7, 53–66.
- Freeze, R. A. & Cherry, J. A. (1979) Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
-
Fujikawa, H., Wauke, T., Kusunoki, J., Noguchi, Y., Hashimoto, Y., Ohta, K. & Itoh T. (1996) Surveys on microbial foreign matter contamination in bottled mineral water in Tokyo. Journal of Food Microbiology, 13, 41–44.
10.5803/jsfm.13.41 Google Scholar
- Gannon, J. T., Manilal, V. B. & Alexander, M. (1991a) Relationship between cell surface properties and transport of bacteria through soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 190–193.
- Gannon, J. T., Tan, Y., Baveye, P. & Alexander, M. (1991b) Effect of sodium chloride on transport of bacteria in a saturated aquifer material. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 27, 2497–2501.
- Gassilloud, B., Schwarzbrod, L. & Gantzer, C. (2003) Presence of viral genomes in Mineral Waters: a sufficient condition to assume infectious risk? Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3965–69.
- Geldreich, E. E. (1996) Microbial quality of water supply in distribution systems. Lewis Publishers, CRD Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- Gerba, C. P. (2000) Risk assessment. In Environmental Microbiology, C. P. Gerba, R. M. Maier & I. L. Pepper (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 557–571.
- Ghiorse, W. C. & Balkwill, D. L. (1983) Enumeration and characterization of bacteria indigenous to subsur-face environments. Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 24, 213–224.
- Ghiorse, W. C. & Wilson, J. L. (1988) Microbial ecology of the terrestrial subsurface. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 33, 107–172.
- Gill, P. R. & Warren, G. J. (1988) A iron-antagonized fungistatic agent that is not required for iron assimilation from a fluorescent rhizosphere pseudomonad. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 163–170.
- Giovannoni, S. J., DeLong, E. F., Olsen, G. J. & Pace, N. R. (1988) Phylogenetic group-specific oligonucleotide probes for identification of single microbial cells. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 720–726.
- Gleeson, C. & Gray, N. (1997) The coliform index and waterborne disease, problems of microbial drinking water assessment. E&FN Spon, London.
- Gonzalez, C., Gutierrez, C. & Grande, T. (1987) Bacterial flora in bottled uncarbonated mineral drinking water. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33, 1120–1125.
- Groat, R., Schultz, J., Zychlinsky, E., Bockman, A. & Matin, A. (1986) Starvation proteins in Escherichia coli: kinetics of synthesis and role in starvation survival. Journal of Bacteriology, 168, 486–493.
- Guillot, E. & Leclerc, H. (1993) Bacterial flora in Natural Mineral Waters: characterization by ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene restriction patterns. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 16, 483–493.
- Gutterson, N. I., Layton, T. J., Ziegle, J. S. & Warren, G. J. (1986) Molecular cloning of genetic determinants for inhibition of fungal growth by a fluorescent pseudomonad. Journal of Bacteriology, 165, 696–703.
- Hamdan, H., Weller, D. M. & Thomashow, L. S. (1991) Relative importance of fluorescent siderophores and other factors in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2–79 and M4–80R. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 3270–3277.
- Hardalo, C. & Edberg, S. C. (1997) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk from drinking water. Critical Reviews of Microbiology, 23, 47–75.
- Henry, M. B., Lynck, J. M. & Fermor, T. R. (1991) Role of siderophores in the biocontrol of Pseudomonas tolaasii by fluorescent pseudomonad antagonists. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 70, 104–108.
- Heukelekian, H. & Heller, A. (1940) Relation between food concentration and surface for bacterial growth. Journal of Bacteriology, 40, 547–558.
- Hightower, L. E. (1991) Heat shock, stress proteins, chaperones, and proteotoxicity. Cell, 66, 191–197.
- Hirsch, P. (1979) Life under conditions of low nutrient concentration. In Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, M. Shilo (ed.). Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp. 357–372.
- Hirsch, P. & Rades-Rohkohl, E. (1983) Microbial diversity in a groundwater aquifer in northern Germany. Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 24, 183–200.
- Hirsch, P. & Rades-Rohkohl, E. (1988) Some special problems in the determination of viable counts of groundwater microorganisms. Microbial Ecology, 16, 99–113.
- Hirsch, P. & Rades-Rohkohl, E. (1990) Microbial colonization of aquifer sediment exposed in a groundwater well in northern Germany. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 2963–2966.
- Hobbie, J. E., Daley, R. J. & Jasper, S. (1977) Use of nucleopore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33, 1225–1228.
- Hoff, K. A. (1988) Rapid and simple method for double staining of bacteria with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylin-dole and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibodies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2949–2952.
- Howell, C. R. & Stipanovic, R. D. (1979) Control of Rhizoctonia solani on cotton seedlings with Pseudomonas fluorescens and with an antibiotic produced by the bacterium. Phytopathology, 69, 480–482.
- Howell, C. R. & Stipanovic, R. D. (1980) Suppression of Pythium ultimum-induced damping off of cotton seedlings by Pseudomonas fluorescens and its antibiotic pyoluteorin. Phytopathology, 70, 712–715.
- Hunter, P. R. & Burge, S. H. (1987) The bacteriological quality of bottled Natural Mineral Waters. Epidemiology and Infection, 99, 439–443.
- Hunter, P. R., Burge, S. H. & Hornby, H. (1990) An assessment of the microbiological safety of bottled mineral waters. Rivista Italiana d'Igiene, 50, 394–400.
- Ingram, M. (1977) The significance of index and indicator organisms in foods. Presented at International Symposium IUMS. Comm. Food Microbiol. Hygiène, 10th, Szczecin, Poland. Lancet 2, 1425.
- Jannash, H. W. (1979) Microbial ecology of aquatic low nutrient habitats. In Strategies of Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, M. Shilo (ed.). Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp. 243–260.
- Jayasekara, N. Y., Heard, G. M., Cox, J. M. & Fleet, G. H. (1999) Association of microorganisms with the inner surfaces of bottles of non-carbonated mineral waters. Food Microbiology, 16, 115–128.
- Jones, C. R., Adams, M. R., Zhdan, P. A. & Chamberlain, A. H. L. (1999) The role of surface physico-chemical properties in determining the distribution of the autochthonous microflora in mineral water bottles. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 917–927.
- Jones, R. E., Beeman, R. E. & Suflita, J. M. (1989) Anaerobic metabolic processes in deep terrestrial sub-surface. Geomicrobiology Journal, 7, 117–130.
- Karapinar, M. & Gönül, S. A. (1991) Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli in spring water. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 13, 315–320.
- Keel, C., Wirthner, P. H., Oberhansli, T. H., et al. (1990) Pseudomonads as antagonists of plant pathogens in the rhizosphere: role of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol in the suppression of black root rot of tobacco. Symbiosis, 9, 327–341.
- Kerr, M., Fitzgerald, M. & Sheridan, J. J. (1998) A study on the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in natural mineral water. Poster presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Microbiology. Supplement to Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85(1), 17.
- Kersters, K., Ludwig, W., Vancanneyt, M., De Vos, P., Gillis, M. & Schleifer, K. H. (1996) Recent changes in the classification of the Pseudomonads: an overview. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19, 465–477.
- Ketchum, B. H., Ayers, J. C. & Vaccaro, R. F. (1952) Processes contributing to the decrease of coliform bacteria in a tidal estuary. Ecology, 33, 247–258.
- Kjelleberg, S., Flärdh, K. B. G., Nyström, T. & Moriarty, D. J. W. (1993) Growth limitation and starvation of bacteria. In Aquatic Microbiology: an Ecological Approach, T. E. Ford (ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Boston, pp. 289–320.
- Kloepper, J. W., Schroth, M. N. & Miller, T. D. (1980) Effects of rhizosphere colonization by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on potato plant development and yield. Phytopathology, 70, 1078–1082.
- Kloepper, J. W., Hume, D. J., Scher, F. M., et al. (1988) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on canola (rapeseed). Plant Diseases, 72, 42–46.
- Kogure, K., Simidu, U., Taga, N. & Colwell, R. R. (1979) A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria. Canadian Journal Microbiology, 25, 415–420.
- Kölbel-Boelke, J., Anders, E. & Nehrkorn, A. (1988) Microbial communities in the saturated groundwater environment. II. Diversity of bacterial communities in a pleistocene sand aquifer and their in vitro activities. Microbial Ecology, 16, 31–48.
- Kovavora-Kovar, K. & Egli, T. (1998) Growth kinetics of suspended microbial cells from single-substrate-controlled growth to mixed-substrate kinetics. Microbial Molecular Biology Review, 62, 646–667.
- Lacoste, T. (1992) La matière organique des eaux thermales: caractérisation par des méthodes globales et spécifiques et évolution lors des traitements de désinfection. Thèse de Doctorat d'Université, Poitiers.
- Laine, M. H., Karwoski, M. T., Raaska, L. B. & Mattila-Sandholm, T. M. (1996) Antimicrobial activity of Pseudomonas spp. against food poisoning bacteria and moulds. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 22, 214–218.
- Lapteva, N. A. (1987) Ecological characteristics of Caulobacter incidence in fresh-water basins. Mikrobiologiya, 56, 677–684.
- LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, C. D., Falkinham III, J. O., Williams, M. D., Taylor, R. H. & Cowan, H. E. (2001) Occurrence and control of Mycobacterium avium complex. AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp. 1–115.
- Leclerc, H. (1990) Les qualités bactériologiques de l'eau minérale d'Evian. In De l'eau minérale d'Evian. S.A. des Eaux Minérales d'Evian, Evian, France, pp. 24–27.
- Leclerc, H. (1994) Les eaux minérales naturelles: flore bactérienne native, nature et signification. In Colloque International: les eaux minérales conditionnées, maîtrise qualité, 26–27 May, Tunis.
-
Leclerc, H. (2003) Y a-t-il des infections bactériennes opportunistes transmises par les eaux d'alimentation? European Journal of Water Quality, 34(1), 11–45.
10.1051/water/20033401011 Google Scholar
- Leclerc, H. & Mossel, D. A. A. (1989) Microbiologie: le tube digestif, l'eau et les aliments. Doin ed, Paris.
- Leclerc, H., Mossel, D. A. A. & Savage, C. (1985) Monitoring non-carbonated (still) mineral waters for aerobic colonization. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2, 341–347.
- Leclerc, H., Edberg, S. C., Pierzo, V. & Delattre, J. M. (2000) Bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and public health risk in groundwaters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 55, 5–21.
- Leclerc, H., Mossel, D. A. A., Edberg, S. C. & Struijk, C. B. (2001) Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annual Review of Microbiology, 55, 134–201.
- Leclerc, H., Schwartzbrod, L. & Dei Cas, E. (2002a) Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 28(4), 371–409.
- Le Dantec, C., Duguet, J. P., Montiel, A., Dumoutier, N., Dubrou, S. & Vincent, V. (2002b) Occurrence of mycobacteria in water treatment lines and in water distribution systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(11), 5318–5325.
- Leisinger, T. & Margraff, R. (1979) Secondary metabolites of the fluorescent pseudomonads. Microbiological Reviews, 43, 422–442.
- Lindberg, G. D. (1981) An antibiotic lethal to fungi. Plant Disease, 65, 680–683.
- Lindqvist, R. & Bengtsson, G. (1991) Dispersal dynamics of groundwater bacteria. Microbial Ecology, 21, 49–72.
- Lucas, F. & Ducluzeau, R. (1990a) Antagonistic role of various bacterial strains from the autochthonous flora of gas-free mineral water against Escherichia coli. Sciences des Aliments, 10, 62–73.
- Lucas, F. & Ducluzeau, R. (1990b) Behaviour of the autochthonous flora of mineral water from Vittel in the digestive tract of axenic mice, its antagonistic effect on Escherichia coli in vitro. Rivista Italiana d'Igiene, 50, 383–393.
- Lye, D. J. & Dufour, A. P. (1991) A membrane filter procedure for assaying cytotoxic activity in heterotrophic bacteria isolated from drinking water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 70, 89–94.
- Madsen, E. D. (1991) Determining in situ biodegradation: facts and challenges. Environmental Sciences and Technology, 25, 1662–1673.
- Madsen, E. L. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1993) Groundwater microbiology: subsurface ecosystem processes. In Aquatic Microbiology: an Ecological Approach, T. E. Ford (ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Boston, pp. 167–213.
- Manaia, C. M., Nunes, O. C., Morais, P. V. & da Costa, M. S. (1990) Heterotrophic plate counts and the isolation of bacteria from mineral waters on selective and enrichment media. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 69, 871–876.
- Masson, A. & Chauvin, D. (1974) Etude de quelques phénomènes pouvant influencer la charge micro-bienne des eaux minérales en bouteilles plastique et verre. Industries alimentaires et agricoles, 5, 531–540.
- Matin, A. (1990) Molecular analysis of the starvation stress in E. coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 3910– 3914.
- Matin, A. (1991) The molecular basis of carbon starvation–induced general resistance in Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 5, 3–11.
-
Matin, A. & Harakeh, S. (1990) Effect of starvation on bacterial resistance to disinfectants. In Drinking Water Microbiology, G. A. McFeters (ed.). Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 88–103.
10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_4 Google Scholar
- Matin, A., Auger, E., Blum, P. & Schultz, J. (1989) Genetic basis of starvation survival in non-differentiating bacteria. Annual Reviews Microbiology, 43, 293–316.
- Mavridou, A. (1992) Study of the bacterial flora of a non-carbonated Natural Mineral Water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 73, 355–361.
- McCann, M. P., Kidwell, J. & Matin, A. (1992) Microbial starvation survival, genetics. In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, vol. 3. Academic Press, London, p. 159.
- Meinhardt, P. L., Casemore, D. P. & Miller, K. B. (1996) Epidemiologic aspects of human cryptosporidiosis and the role of waterborne transmission. Epidemiological Reviews, 18, 118.
- Moore, E. R. B., Mau, M., Arnscheidt, A., et al. (1996) Determination and comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of species of Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) and estimation of intrageneric relationships. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19, 478–492.
- Morais, P. V. & da Costa, M. S. (1990) Alterations in the major heterotrophic bacterial populations isolated from a still bottled mineral water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 69, 750–757.
- Moreau, A. (2001) Surveillance microbiologique des eaux minérales naturelles. Bulletin de la Société Francaise de Microbiologie, 16, 13–19.
- Moreira, L., Agostinho, P., Morais, P. V. & da Costa, M. S. (1994) Survival of allochthonous bacteria in still mineral water bottled in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glass. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 77, 334–339.
- Morgan, P. & Dow, C. S. (1985) Environmental control of cell-type expression in prosthecate bacteria. In Bacteria in their Natural Environments, M. Fletcher & G. D. Floddgate (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 131–169.
- Morgan, B., Christman, M., Jacobson, F., Storz, G. & Ames, B. (1986) Hydrogen peroxide-inducible proteins in Salmonella typhimurium overlap with heat shock and other stress proteins. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83, 8059–8063.
- Morita, R. Y. (1982) Starvation-survival of heterotrophs in the marine environment. Advances in Microbiology and Ecology, 6, 117–198.
- Morita, R. Y. (1987) Starvation-survival: the normal mode of most bacteria in the ocean. In Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology, F. Megusar & M. Gantar (eds.). Slovene Society of Microbiology, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, pp. 243–248.
- Morita, R. Y. (1993) Bioavailability of energy and the starvation state. In Starvation in Bacteria, S. Kjelleberg (ed.). Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 1–23.
- Morita, R. Y. (1997) Starved bacteria in oligotrophic environments. In Bacteria in Oligotrophic Environments, Chapman and Hall Microbiology Series. International Thomson Publishing, London, pp. 193–246.
- Mossel, D. A. A., Corry, J. E. L., Struijk, C. B. & Baird, R. M. (1995) Essentials of the Microbiology of Foods: a Textbook for Advanced Studies. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
- Moyer, C. L. & Morita, R. Y. (1989) Effect of growth rate and starvation-survival on the viability and stability of a psychrophilic marine bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1122–1127.
- Neidhard, F., VanBogelen, R. & Vaughn, V. (1984) The genetics and regulation of heat-shock proteins. Annual Reviews of Genetics, 18, 295–329.
- Newby, D. T., Pepper, I. L. & Maier, R. M. (2000) Microbial transport. In Environmental Microbiology, C. L. Gerda, R. M. Maier & I. L. Pepper (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 147–176.
-
Norvatov, A. M. & Popov, O. V. (1961) Laws of the formation of minimum stream flow. Bulletin of the International Association of Science and Hydrology, 6(1), 20–27.
10.1080/02626666109493201 Google Scholar
- Oger, C., Hernandez, J. F., Delattre, J. M., Delabroise, A. H. & Krupsky, S. (1987) Etude par épifluorescence de l'évolution de la microflore totale dans une eau minérale embouteillée. Water Research, 21(4), 469–474.
- Oliver, J. D. (1993) Formation of viable but nonculturable cells. In Starvation in Bacteria, S. Kjelleberg (ed.). Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 239–272.
- O'Sullivan, D. J. & O'Gara, F. (1992) Traits of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. involved in suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiological Reviews, 56, 662–676.
- Palleroni, N. J. (1984) Genus I. Pseudomonas Migula 1894. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 141–199.
- Palleroni, N. J. & Bradbury, J. F. (1993) Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh, 1980; Swings et al. 1983). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43, 606–609.
- Palleroni, N. J., Kunisawa, R., Contopoulou, R. & Doudoroff, M. (1973) Nucleic acid homologies in the genus Pseudomonas. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 23, 333–339.
- Payment, P., Fanco, E., Richardson, L., Siemiatycki, J. (1991a) Gastrointestinal health effects associated with the consumption of drinking water produced by point-of-use domestic reverse-osmosis filtration units. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 945–948.
- Payment, P., Richardson, L., Siematycki, J., Dewar, R., Edwards, M. & Franco, E. (1991b) A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to the consumption of drinking water meeting currently accepted microbiological standards. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 703–708.
- Payment, P., Coffin, E. & Paquette, G. (1994) Blood agar to detect virulence factors in tap water heterotrophic bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 1179–1183.
- Payment, P., Siematycki, J., Richardson, L., Renaud, G., Franco, E. & Prévost, M. (1997) A prospective epidemiological study of gastrointestinal health effects due to the consumption of drinking water. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 7, 5–31.
- Poindexter, J. S. (1981a) Oligotrophy: fast and famine existence. In Microbial Ecology, vol. 5, M. Alexander (ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 63–89.
- Poindexter, J. S. (1981b) The caulobacters: ubiquitous, unusual bacteria. Microbiological Reviews, 45, 123–179.
- Poindexter, J. S. (1992) Dimorphic prosthecate bacteria: the genera Caulobacter, Asticcacaulis, Hyphomicrobium, Pedomicrobium, Hyphomonas, and Thiodendron. In The Prokaryotes, 2nd edn, A. Balows & H. G. Trüper (eds.). Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 2176–2196.
- Porter, K. G. & Feig, Y. S. (1980) The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnology and Oceanography, 25, 943–948.
- Quevedo-Sarmiento, J., Ramos-Cormenzana, A. & Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (1986) Isolation and characterization of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from natural spring waters in the Lanjaron area (Spain). Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 61, 365–372.
- Raaijmakers, J. M., Weller, D. M. & Thomashow, L. S. (1997) Frequency of antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. in natural environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 881–887.
-
Reasoner, D. J. (1990) Monitoring heterotrophic bacteria in potable water. In Drinking Water Microbiology, G. A. McFeters (ed.). Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 452–477.
10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_22 Google Scholar
- Reasoner, D. J. & Geldreich, E. E. (1979) A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. In Abstract of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, p. 180.
- Reasoner, D. J. & Geldreich, E. E. (1985) A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 1–7.
- Reeve, C. A., Amy, P. S. & Matin, A. (1984a) Role of protein synthesis in the survival of carbon-starved Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of Bacteriology, 160, 1041–1046.
- Reeve, C. A., Bockman, A. T. & Matin, A. (1984b) Role of protein degradation in the survival of carbon-starved Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of Bacteriology, 157, 758–763.
-
Reichenbach, H. (1992) The order Cytophagales. In The Prokaryotes, 2nd edn, A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K. H. Schleifer (eds.). Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 3631–3676.
10.1007/978-1-4757-2191-1_37 Google Scholar
- Reynolds, P. J., Sharma, P., Jenneman, G. E. & McInerney, M. J. (1989) Mechanisms of microbial movement in subsurface materials. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 2280–2286.
- Rivera, F., Galvan, M., Robles, E., Leal, P., Gonzalez, L. & Lacy, A. M. (1981) Bottles mineral waters polluted by protozoa in Mexico. Journal of Protozoology, 28, 54–56.
- Robertson, J. B. & Edberg, S. C. (1997) Natural protection of spring and well drinking water against surface microbial contamination. I. Hydrogeological parameters. Critical Reviews of Microbiology, 23, 143–178.
- Rocha, G., Veríssimo, A., Bowker, R. G., Bornstein, N. & da Costa, M. S. (1995) Relationship between Legionella spp. and antibody titres at a therapeutic spa in Portugal. Epidemiology and Infection, 115, 79–88.
- Rodriguez, G. G., Phipps, D., Ishiguro, K. & Ridgway, H. F. (1992) Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 1801–1808.
- Roszak, D. B. & Colwell, R. R. (1987a) Metabolic activity of bacterial cells enumerated by direct viable count. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2889–2983.
- Roszak, D. B. & Colwell, R. R. (1987b) Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiological Reviews, 51, 365–379.
- Savage, D. C. & Fletcher, M. (1993) Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. Plenum Press, New York.
- Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1974) Untersuchungen über den Keimgehalt von unkarbonisiertem, natürlichem mineralwasser und überlegungen zum bakteriologisch-hygienischem beurteilen von unkarbonisiertem miner-alwasser. Teil. I. Chemical Technology Lebensmittel, 4, 97–107.
- Scholl, M. A., Mills, A. L., Herman, J. S. & Hornberger, G. M. (1990) The influence of mineralogy and solution chemistry on the attachment of bacteria to representative aqui materials. Journal Contamination Hydrology, 6, 321–326.
- Schwaller, P. & Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1980) Flore microbienne de quatre eaux minérales non gazéifiées et mises en bouteilles. I. Dénombrement de colonies, compositions grossière de la flore, et caractères du groupe des bactéries Gram négatif pigmentées en jaune. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Hygiene I. Abt. Originale, C1, 330–347.
- Schwaller, P. & Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1981a) Flore microbienne de quatre eaux minérales non gazéifiées et mises en bouteilles. II. Les Pseudomonas et autre bactéries à Gram négatif—Composition fine de la flore. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Hygiene I. Abt. Originale, C2, 179–196.
- Schwaller, P. & Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1981b) Dénombrements de colonies bactériennes dans les eaux minérales naturelles non gazéifiées et mises en bouteilles. 1re communication: Etude de méthodes spécifiques pour le dénombrement de colonies bactériennes. Brauerei Rundschau, 92, 281–285.
- Schwaller, P. & Schmidt-Lorenz, W. (1982) Dénombrements de germes dans les eaux minérales naturelles non gazéifiées et mises en bouteilles. 2ème communication: Nombres de colonies dans 4 eaux minérales françaises. Comparaisons de méthodes officielles avec d'autres méthodes. Brauerei Rundschau, 93, 25–33.
- Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Pot, B., et al. (1994) Classification of Pseudomonas diminuta (Leifson & Hugh, 1954) and Pseudomonas vesicularis (Büsing et al., 1953) in Brevundimonas gen. nov. as Brevundimonas diminuta comb. nov. and Brevundimonas vesicularis comb. nov., respectively. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44, 499–510.
- Shanahan, P., O'Sullivan, D. J., Simpson, P., Glennon, J. & O'Gara, F. (1992) Isolation of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol from a fluorescent pseudomonad and investigation of physiological parameters influencing its production. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 353–358.
- Shilo, M. (1980) Strategies of adaptation to extreme conditions in aquatic micro-organisms. Naturwissenschaften, 67, 384–389.
- Sinclair, J. L. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1987) Distribution of protozoa in subsurface sediments of a pristine ground-water study site in Oklahoma. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 1157–1163.
- Sinclair, J. L. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1989) Distribution of aerobic bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi in deep subsurface sediments. Geomicrobiology Journal, 7, 15–32.
- Sinclair, J. L., Randtke, S. J., Denne, J. E., Hathaway, L. R. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1990) Survey of microbial populations in buried-valley aquifer sediments from northeastern Kansas. Ground-Water, 28, 369–377.
- Smith, R. L. (1997) Determining the terminal electron-accepting reaction in the saturated subsurface. In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, C. J. Hurst & G. R. Knudsen (eds.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 577–585.
- Spector, M., Alibada, Z., Gonzales, T. & Foster, J. (1986) Global control in Salmonella typhimurium: two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of starvation-, anaerobiosis-, and heat shock-inducible proteins. Journal of Bacteriology, 168, 420–424.
- Staley, J. T. (1968) Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium: new prosthecate freshwater bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 95, 1921–1942.
-
Suslow, T. V. (1982) Role of root colonizing bacteria in plant growth. In Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes, M. S. Mount & G. H. Lacy (eds.), vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 187–223.
10.1016/B978-0-12-509001-8.50018-4 Google Scholar
- Swanson, M. S. & Hammer, B. K. (2000) Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis: a fateful journey from Amoebae to macrophages. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 567–613.
- Szewzyk, U., Szewzyk, R., Manz, W. & Schleifer, K. H. (2000) Microbiological safety of drinking water. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 81–127.
- Tamaoka, J., Ha, D. M. & Komagata, K. (1987) Reclassification of Pseudomonas acidovorans (den Dooren de Jong, 1926) and Pseudomonas testosteroni (Marcus & Talalay, 1956) as Comamonas acidovorans comb. nov. and Comamonas testosteroni comb. nov. with and emended description of the genus Comamonas. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 37, 52–59.
- Thomashow, L. S. & Weller, D. M. (1988) Role of a phenazine antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 3499–3508.
- Toth, J. (1963) A theoretical analysis of groundwater flow in small drainage basins. Journal of Geophysical Research, 68(16), 4795–4812.
-
Vachée, A. & Leclerc, H. (1995) Propriétés antagonistes de la flore autochtone des eaux minérales naturelles vis-à-vis de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal Européen d'Hydrologie, 26, 327–338.
10.1051/water/19952603327 Google Scholar
- Vachée, A., Vincent, P., Struijk, C. B., Mossel, D. A. A. & Leclerc, H. (1997) A study of the fate of the autochthonous bacterial flora of still mineral waters by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of genes coding for rRNA. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 20, 492–503.
- Vandenbergh, P. A., Gonzalez, C. F., Wright, A. M. & Kunka, B. S. (1983) Iron-chelating compounds produced by soil pseudomonads: correlation with fungal growth inhibition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 128–132.
- Van der Kooij, D. (1990) Growth measurements with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and autochthonous bacteria to determine the biological stability of drinking water. Rivista Italiana d'Igiene, 5(6), 375–383.
- Van der Kooij, D., Oranje, J. P. & Hijnen, W. A. M. (1982a) Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tap water in relation to utilization of substrates at concentrations of a few micrograms per liter. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44, 1086–1095.
- Van der Kooij, D., Visser, A. & Hijnen, W. A. M. (1982b) Determining the concentration of easily assimilable organic carbon in drinking water. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 74, 540–545.
-
Verhille, S., Baida, N., Dabboussi, F., Izard, D. & Leclerc, H. (1999a) Taxonomic study of bacteria isolated from natural mineral waters: proposal of Pseudomonas jessenii sp. nov. and Pseudomonas mandelii sp. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 22, 45–58.
10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80027-7 Google Scholar
- Verhille, S., Baida, N., Dabboussi, F., Hamze, M., Izard, D. & Leclerc, H. (1999b) Pseudomonas gessardii sp. nov. and Pseudomonas migulae sp. nov., two new species isolated from natural mineral waters. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49, 1559–1572.
- Veríssimo, A., Marrão, G., Gomes da Silva, F. & da Costa, M. S. (1991) Distribution of Legionella spp. in hydrothermal areas in Continental Portugal and on the Island of S. Miguel, Azores. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 2921–2927.
- Von Graevenitz, A. (1977) The role of opportunistic bacteria in human disease. Annual Review of Microbiology, 31, 447–471.
- Wagner, M., Amann, R., Lemmer, H. & Schleifer, K. H. (1993) Probing activated sludge with oligonucleotide specific for proteobacteria: inadequacy of culture-dependent methods for describing microbial community structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 1520–1525.
-
Walch, M. & Colwell, R. R. (1994) Detection of nonculturable indicators and pathogens. In Environmental Indicators and Shellfish Safety, C. R. Hackney & M. D. Pierson (eds). Chapman and Hall, New York and London, pp. 258–273.
10.1007/978-1-4615-2035-1_9 Google Scholar
-
Walker, G. (1984) Mutagenesis and inductible responses to deoxyribonucleic acid damage in Escherichia coli. Microbiological Reviews, 48, 60–93.
10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.07.015 Google Scholar
- Wallner, G., Amann, R. & Beisker, W. (1993) Optimizing fluorescent in situ hybridization of suspended cells with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for flow cytometric identification of microorganisms. Cytometry, 14, 136–143.
- Wallner, G., Erhart, R. & Amann, R. (1995) Flow cytometric analysis of activated sludge with rRNA-targeted probes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 1859–1866.
- Wallner, G., Steinmetz, I., Bitter-Suermann, D. & Amann, R. (1996) Combination of rRNA-targeted hybridization probes and immuno-probes for the identification of bacteria by flow cytometry. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19, 569–576.
- Wang, G. & Doyle, M. P. (1998) Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water. Journal of Food Protection, 61, 662–667.
- Warburton, D. W. (1993) A review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada. Part 2. The need for more stringent standards and regulations. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 39, 158–168.
- Warburton, D. W., Peterkin, P. I., Weiss, K. F. & Johnston, M. A. (1986) Microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 891–893.
- Warburton, D. W., Dodds, K. L., Burke, R., Johnston, M. A. & Laffey, P. J. (1992) A review of the micro-biological quality of bottled water sold in Canada between 1981 and 1989. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 12–19.
- Warburton, D. W., Austin, J. W., Harrisson, B. W. & Sanders, G. (1998) Survival and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in inoculated bottled water. Journal of Food Protection, 61, 948–952.
- White, D. C., Fredrickson, J. F., Gehron, M. H., Smith, G. A. & Martz, R. F. (1983) The groundwater aquifer microbiota: biomass, community structure, and nutritional status. Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 24, 189–199.
- WHO (2002) Heterotrophic plate count measurement in drinking water safety management. WHO/SDE/WHS/02.10. Report of an expert meeting. Geneva, 24–25 April.
- Willems, A., Falsen, E., Pot, B., et al. (1990) Acidovorax, a new genus for Pseudomonas facilis, Pseudomonas delafieldii, E. Falsen (EF) Group 13, EF Group 16, and several clinical isolates, with the species Acidovorax facilis comb.nov., Acidovorax delafieldii comb. nov., and Acidovorax temperans sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 40, 384–398.
- Wilson, N. (1995) Soil, Water and GroundWater Sampling. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F., Cochran, J. W., Wang, T. H., Tomson, M. B. & Bedient, P. B. (1983) Enumeration and characterization of bacteria indigenous to a shallow water-table aquifer. GroundWater, 21, 134–142.
- Wimpenny, J. W. T., Kinniment, S. L. & Scourfield, M. A. (1993) The physiology and biochemistry of biofilm. In Microbial Biofilms: Formation and Control, S. P. Denyer, S. P. Gorman & M. Sussman (eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 51–94.
- Xu, H. S., Roberts, N. C., Singleton, F. L., Atwell, R. W., Grimes, D. J. & Colwell, R. R. (1982) Survival and viability of nonculturable Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment. Microbial Ecology, 8, 313–323.
- Yabuuchi, E., Yano, I., Oyaizu, H., Hashimoto, Y., Ezaki, T. & Yamamoto, H. (1990) Proposals of Sphingomonas paucimobilis gen. nov. and comb. nov., Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis sp. nov., Sphingomonas yanoikuyae sp. nov., Sphingomonas adhaesiva sp. nov., Sphingomonas capsulata comb. nov., and two genospecies of the genus Sphingomonas. Microbiology and Immunology, 34, 99–119.
- Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Oyaizu, H., et al. (1992) Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 36, 1251–1275.
- Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Yano, I., Hotta, H. & Nishiuchi, Y. (1995) Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Raltstonia gen. nov.: proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston et al., 1973) comb. nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith, 1896) comb. nov. and Ralstonia eutropha (Davis, 1969) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 39, 897–904.
- Yates, M. V., Citek, R. W., Kamper, M. F. & Salazar, A. M. (1999) Detecting enteroviruses in water: comparing infectivity, molecular, and combination methods. Presented at International Symposium AWWA on waterborne pathogens, 29 August–1 September.
- Yurdusev, N. & Ducluzeau, R. (1985) Qualitative and quantitative development of the bacterial flora of Vittel mineral water in glass or plastic bottles. Sciences des Aliments, 5, 231–238.
- Zimmerman, R., Iturriaga, R. & Becker-Birck, J. (1978) Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36, 926–935.
- ZoBell, C.E. & Anderson, D.Q. (1936) Observations on the multiplication of bacteria in different volumes of stored sea water and the influence of oxygen tension and solid surface. Biological Bulletin, 71, 324–342.
FURTHER READING
- Mergaert, J., Schirmer, A., Hauben, L., et al. (1996) Isolation and identification of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) degrading strains of Pseudomonas legmoignei. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 46, 769–773.
- Oliver, J. D., Hite, F., McDougald, D., Andon, N. L. & Simpson, L. M. (1995) Entry into and resuscitation from the viable but nonculturable state by Vibrio vulnificus in an estuarine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 2624–2630.
- Stackebrandt, E., Murray, R. G. E. & Trüper, G. H. (1988) Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the ‘purple bacteria and their relatives’. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 38, 321–325.
- Weichart, D. & Kjelleberg, S. (1996) Stress resistance and recovery potential of culturable and viable but nonculturable cells of Vibrio vulnificus. Microbiology, 42, 845–853.
