This chapter contains sections titled:

• Introduction

• The adaptive response is biphasic in rodent intestinal resection models

• Functional response—absorption of fluids, electrolytes and nutrients

• Mechanisms of adaptation: regulation of crypt cell proliferation and programmed cell death are important mechanisms for intestinal homeostasis and adaptation

• Stem cell response to intestinal resection

• Increased enterocyte migration and changes in the ECM contribute to the adaptive response

• Humoral mediators

• Neurotensin

• Nutrient mediators

• Role of enteric nervous system and submucosa

• Conclusions

• References