At the turn of the nineteenth century scientific management sought to make work as robotic and automatic as possible; by the early years of the twenty-first century the use of artificial intelligence and robotics made android dreams real. In between management sought to manage the twin aims of efficiency and commitment. Contemporaneously, however, efficiency and commitment are increasingly delivered through two kinds of self-management. For the creative class of knowledge workers, through new organizational designs that seek to harness technologies to creativity and commitment in everyday managing, working, and organizing. For those employees displaced by the shift from organizational employment to transactional encounters as the major means of doing business then a different form of self-management beckons in the gig economy.