Chapter 3
The Rise of Smart Materials
Recent Developments
Mariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo,
Mohd Rehan,
Bijaya Bikram Samal,
Cheruvu Siva Kumar,
Shailendra Kumar Varshney,
Mariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo
Polytechnic School, Chemical Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorMohd Rehan
School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorBijaya Bikram Samal
Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCheruvu Siva Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorShailendra Kumar Varshney
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorMariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo,
Mohd Rehan,
Bijaya Bikram Samal,
Cheruvu Siva Kumar,
Shailendra Kumar Varshney,
Mariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo
Polytechnic School, Chemical Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorMohd Rehan
School of Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorBijaya Bikram Samal
Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCheruvu Siva Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorShailendra Kumar Varshney
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Bijaya Bikram Samal,
Cheruvu Siva Kumar,
Shailendra Kumar Varshney,
Bijaya Bikram Samal
Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorCheruvu Siva Kumar
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorShailendra Kumar Varshney
Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 21 May 2025
Summary
Recently 4D printing has drawn wide attention from both academia and industry for the ability to create dynamic parts and structures using various smart materials with the ability to alter shape or qualities over time in reaction to environmental stimuli such as heat, moisture, light, or electrical current. This cutting-edge printing method harnesses the capabilities of smart materials offering immense potential for creating complex structures that can adapt, reconfigure, self-morph, self-heal, or self-assemble after printing. Recent developments in new kinds of smart materials and their composites such as shape memory polymers, magnetic shape memory alloys, hydrogels, electro-responsive polymers, liquid crystal elastomers, and smart inorganic polymers have fueled the development of 4D printing technology. The utilization of various smart materials in 4D printing is based on its specific applications and requirements. The incorporation of smart materials into 4D printing allows for the creation of objects that actively respond to stimuli, allowing for dynamic behavior, improved performance, and novel solutions to complicated challenges.
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