Chapter 37
Cardiac Vein Anatomy and Transcoronary Sinus Catheter Interventions in Myocardial Ischemia
Werner Mohl,
Levente Molnár,
Béla Merkely,
Werner Mohl
Search for more papers by this authorLevente Molnár
Search for more papers by this authorBéla Merkely
Search for more papers by this authorWerner Mohl,
Levente Molnár,
Béla Merkely,
Werner Mohl
Search for more papers by this authorLevente Molnár
Search for more papers by this authorBéla Merkely
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):George D. Dangas MD, MACC, MSCAI, FAHA, FESC,
Carlo Di Mario MD, PhD, FRCP, FACC, FSCAI, FESC,
Holger Thiele MD,
Peter Barlis MBBS, MPH, PHD, FACC, FESC, FRACP,
Tayo Addo MD, Bimmer Claessen MD, Christian Hengstenberg MD, Nicholas Kipshidze MD,
George D. Dangas MD, MACC, MSCAI, FAHA, FESC
Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) & Surgery (Vascular) Professor of Cardiology Adjunct Professor of Internal Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorCarlo Di Mario MD, PhD, FRCP, FACC, FSCAI, FESC
Professor of Cardiology Director of the Structural Interventional Cardiology Division Honorary Consultant
University of Florence
University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
Cardiologist Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorHolger Thiele MD
Professor of Cardiology at University of Leipzig
Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Barlis MBBS, MPH, PHD, FACC, FESC, FRACP
Professor of Cardiology Interventional Cardiologist
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
St Vincent's & Northern Hospitals Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 06 May 2022
Summary
For the interventional cardiologist, transcoronary sinus interventions (trans-CSI) became more important for the treatment of microvascular obstruction, no reflow zones, and to enhance and support the healing process of myocardial infarcts. To understand the clinical potential of trans-CSI one has to study the special features of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the cardiac venous system. The proximity between cardiac veins accessible for transcoronary sinus catheter interventions and coronary arteries, as well as the distance between mitral annulus and the great cardiac vein, shows the limitations to some of the methods used to correct structural and functional heart disease. The breakthrough in trans-CSI occurred at the advent of resynchronization therapy. Transcoronary sinus catheter interventions developed from historic arterial retroperfusion techniques. Dedicated knowledge focusing on transcoronary sinus catheter interventions are currently supplying the necessary technology and equipment.
References
- Tuma J , Fernandez-Vina R , Carrasco A , et al . Safety and feasibility of percutaneous retrograde coronary sinus delivery of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with chronic refractory angina . J Transl Med 2011 ; 9 : 183 .
- von Lüdinghausen M . The venous drainage of the human myocardium . Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2003 ; 168 : 1 – 104 .
- Pratt FH . The circulation through the veins of Thebesius . J Boston Soc Med Sci 1897 ; 1 ( 15 ): 29 – 34 .
- Zanoschi C. [ Controversies about the Vieussens-Thebesius veins ]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 1988 ; 92 ( 4 ): 776 – 778 .
- Sun C , Pan Y , Wang H , et al . Assessment of the coronary venous system using 256- slice computed tomography . PLoS ONE 2014 ; 9 ( 8 ): e104246 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104246
- Nakamura K , Funabashi N , Naito S , et al . Anatomical relationship of coronary sinus/great cardiac vein and left circumflex coronary artery along mitral annulus in atrial fibrillation before radiofrequency catheter ablation using 320-slice CT . Int J Cardiol 2013 ; 168 ( 6 ): 5174 – 5181 .
- Del Valle-Fernández R , Jelnin V , Panagopoulos G , Ruiz CE . Insight into the dynamics of the coronary sinus/great cardiac vein and the mitral annulus: implications for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty techniques . Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2009 ; 2 ( 6 ): 557 – 564 .
- Tschabitscher M. The so called “silent zone” of the coronary sinus . In W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989, reprinted 2002 ; 49 – 52 .
- Tschabitscher M. Anatomy of coronary veins . In W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989, reprinted 2002 ; 30 – 47 .
- von Ludinghausen M ; v. Ratajczyk-Pakalska E , Tschabitscher M , et al . Nomenclature: Venae cardiacae-cardiac veins . W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989 , reprinted 2002; 3–7.
- von Lüdinghausen M . Nomenclature and distribution pattern of cardiac veins in man . In the W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989 , reprinted 2002; 7–26.
- Muers MF , Sleight P. The reflex cardiovascular depression caused by occlusion of the coronary sinus in the dog . J Physiol 1972 ; 221 : 259 – 282 .
- Mohl W. The momentum of coronary sinus interventions clinically . Circulation 1988 ; 77 ( 1 ): 6 – 12 .
- Schopf M , Schuster M , Müller M , et al . Effects of PICSO on purine nucleotides in ischemic canine and reperfused human hearts . In W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989, reprinted 2002 ; 124 – 131 .
- Mayr H , Glogar D , Mohl W , et al . Effect of PICSO treatment on arrhythmias during early myocardial ischemia . In W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989, reprinted 2002 ; 39 – 43 .
- Kenner T , Moser M , Mohl W. Arteriovenous difference of the blood density in the coronary circulation . J Biomech Eng 1985 ; 107 ( 1 ): 34 – 40 .
- Syeda B . The salvage potential of coronary sinus interventions: meta-analysis and pathophysiologic consequences . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004 ; 127 : 1703 – 1212 .
- Jacobs AK , Faxon D , Coats D , et al . The effect of pressure controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion during reperfusio . In W. Mohl (ed.) The Coronary Sinus Library, Vol 1: Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Coronary Venous Circulation. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Society of Coronary Sinus Interventions, 1989, reprinted 2002 ; 35 – 37 .
- van den Hoef TP , Nijveldt R , van der Ent M , et al . Pressure-controlled Intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO) in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the prepare RAMSES safety and feasibility study . EuroIntervention 2014 ; 11 : 37 – 44 .
- Mohl W , Komamura K , Kasahara H , et al . Myocardial protection via the coronary sinus . Circ J 2008 ; 72 : 526 – 533 .
- Miyazaki A , Hatori N , Tadokoro H , et al . More rapid thrombolysis with coronary venous retroinfusion of streptokinase compared with intravenous administration: an experimental study in canines . Eur Heart J 1990 ; 11 ( 10 ): 936 – 944 .
- Wilcox JE , Fonarow GC , Zhang Y , et al . Clinical effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in men and women with heart failure: findings from IMPROVE HF . Circ Heart Fail 2014 ; 7 ( 1 ): 146 – 153 .
- Hai OY , Mentz RJ , Zannad F , et al . Cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with less severe left ventricular dysfunction . Eur J Heart Fail 2015 ; 17 : 135 – 143 .
- Wang L , Yuan S , Borgquist R , et al . Coronary sinus cannulation with a steerable catheter during biventricular device implantation . Scand Cardiovasc J 2014 ; 48 ( 1 ): 41 – 46 .
- Zhou W , Hou X , Piccinelli M , et al . 3D fusion of LV venous anatomy on fluoroscopy venograms with epicardial surface on SPECT myocardial perfusion images for guiding CRT LV lead placement . JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014 ; 7 : 1239 – 1248
- Truong QA , Januzzi JL , Szymonifka J , et al . Coronary sinus biomarker sampling compared to peripheral venous blood for predicting outcomes in patients with severe heart failure undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: The BIOCRT study . Heart Rhythm 2014 ; 11 ( 12 ): 2167 – 2175 .
- Vernooy K , van Deursen CJ , Strik M , Prinzen FW . Strategies to improve cardiac resynchronization therapy . Nat Rev Cardiol 2014 ; 11 ( 8 ): 481 – 493 .
- Wang J , Su Y , Bai J , et al . Elevated pulmonary artery pressure predicts poor outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy . J Interv Cardiac Electrophysiol 2014 ; 40 ( 2 ): 171 – 178 .
- Feldman T , Young A . Percutaneous approaches to valve repair for mitral regurgitation . J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 ; 63 ( 20 ): 2057 – 2068 .
- Machaalany J , Bilodeau L , Hoffmann R , et al . Treatment of functional mitral valve regurgitation with the permanent percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty system: results of the multicenter international percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty system to reduce mitral valve regurgitation in patients with heart failure trial . Am Heart J 2013 ; 165 ( 5 ): 761 – 769 .
- Degen H , Schneider T , Wilke J , Haude M. [ Coronary sinus devices for treatment of functional mitral valve regurgitation. Solution or dead end? ]. Herz 2013 ; 38 ( 5 ): 490 – 500 .
- Machaalany J , St-Pierre A , Senechal M , et al . Fatal late migration of viacor percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty device resulting in distal coronary venous perforation . Can J Cardiol 2013 ; 29 ( 1 ): 130 e1 – 4 .
- Weigel G , Kajgana I , Bergmeister H , et al . Beck and back: a paradigm change in coronary sinus interventions—pulsatile stretch on intact coronary venous endothelium . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007 ; 133 : 1581 – 1587 .
- Mohl W , Embryonic recall: myocardial regeneration beyond stem cell transplantation . Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007 ; 119 : 333 – 336 .
-
Mohl W
,
Milasinovic D
,
Aschacher T
,
et al
.
The hypothesis of “embryonic recall”: mechanotransduction as common denominator linking normal cardiogenesis to recovery in adult failing hearts
.
J Cardiovasc Dev Dis
2014
;
1
:
73
–
82
.
10.3390/jcdd1010073 Google Scholar
- Miyasaka KY , Kida YS , Banjo T , et al . Heartbeat regulates cardiogenesis by suppressing retinoic acid signaling via expression of miR-143 . Mech Dev 2011 ; 128 : 18 – 28 .
- Mohl W , Mina S , Milasinovic D , et al . Is activation of coronary venous cells the key to cardiac regeneration? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008 ; 5 : 528 – 530 .
- Khatami N , Wadowski P , Wagh V , et al . Pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO) study on mechanical control of cardiac tissue morphogenesis . Cardiovasc Res 2012 ; 93 ( Suppl. 1 ): S56 .
- Mohl W , Mina S , Milasinovic D , et al . The legacy of coronary sinus interventions: endogenous cardioprotection and regeneration beyond stem cell research . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008 ; 136 : 1131 – 1135 .
- Mohl W , Simon P , Neumann F , et al . Clinical evaluation of pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion: randomized trial during coronary artery surgery . Ann Thorac Surg 1988 ; 46 ( 2 ): 192 – 201 .
- Van de Hoef TP , Nolte F , Delewi R , et al . Intracoronary hemodynamic effects of pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO): results from the first-in-man prepare PICSO study . J Interv Cardiol 2012 ; 25 : 549 – 556 . doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2012.00768.
- Mohl W , Kajgana I , Bergmeister H , Rattay F . Intermittent pressure elevation of the coronary venous system as a method to protect ischemic myocardium . Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2005 ; 4 ( 1 ): 66 – 69 .
- Khattab AA , Stieger S , Kamat PJ , et al . Effect of pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO) on myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in a closed-chest porcine model . EuroIntervention 2013 ; 9 ( 3 ): 398 – 406 .
- Mohl W . Coronary sinus interventions: from concept to clinics . J Card Surg 1987 ; 2 : 467 – 493 .
- Banai S , Ben Muvhar S , Parikh KH , et al . Coronary sinus reducer stent for the treatment of chronic refractory angina pectoris: a prospective, open-label, multicenter, safety feasibility first-in-man study . J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 ; 49 ( 17 ): 1783 – 1789 .
- Konigstein M , Meyten N , Verheye S , et al . Transcatheter treatment for refractory angina with the coronary sinus reducer . EuroIntervention 2014 ; 9 ( 10 ): 1158 – 1164 .
- Paz Y , Shinfeld A . Mild increase in coronary sinus pressure with coronary sinus reducer stent for treatment of refractory angina . Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2009 ; 6 ( 3 ): E3 .
- Mohl W , Milasinovic D , Steurer G . Coronary venous pressure elevation “risks and benefit” . Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2009 ; 6 ( 3 ): E4 .
- Hinkel R , Lebherz C , Fydanaki M , et al . Angiogenetic potential of Ad2/Hif-1alpha/VP16 after regional application in a preclinical pig model of chronic ischemia . Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013 ; 11 ( 1 ): 29 – 37 .
- Hinkel R , Lebherz C , Fydanaki M , et al . Angiogenetic potential of Ad2/Hif-1alpha/VP16 after regional application in a preclinical pig model of chronic ischemia . Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013 ; 11 ( 1 ): 29 – 37 .
- Kupatt C , Hinkel R , Pfosser A , et al . Cotransfection of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and platelet-derived growth factor-B via recombinant adeno-associated virus resolves chronic ischemic malperfusion role of vessel maturation . J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 ; 56 ( 5 ): 414 – 422 .
- Hinkel R , Bock-Marquette I , Hatzopoulos AK , Kupatt C . Thymosin beta4: a key factor for protective effects of eEPCs in acute and chronic ischemia . Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010 ; 1194 : 105 – 111 .
