Autism Spectrum Disorders
Jack S. Damico
Search for more papers by this authorNicole Müller
Search for more papers by this authorMartin J. Ball
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter highlights the current state of the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), early markers of autism, the gold standards for comprehensive assessment, principles for intervention decision-making, and established evidence-based interventions. Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in the early identification process of children at risk for ASD, so it is important to be familiar with the early markers signaling risks for autism. Intervention decision-making should always be guided by the best practice principles. It is also important to acknowledge that no one intervention is going to work for all persons with ASD, as the complexity of social communication and social interaction needs as well as the behavioral concerns varies. Psychosocial interventions are particularly important to examine, considering the core deficits in social communication and social interaction in autism.
REFERENCES
- Adrien, J. L., Perrot, A., Sauvage, D., Leddet, I., Larmande, C., Hameury, L., & Barthelemy, C. (1992). Early symptoms in autism from family home movies: Evaluation and comparison between 1st and 2nd year of life using I.B.S.E. Scale. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 55, 71–75.
- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. text rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
-
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Google Scholar
- Baio J., Wiggins L., Christensen D. L., Maenner M. J., Daniels J., Warren Z., … Dowling N. F. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ, 67(No. SS-6). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
- Baird, G., Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S., & Drew, A. (2000). A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: A six-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 694–702.
- Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. (1984). Coordinating attention to people and objects in mother-infant and peer-infant interaction. Child Development, 55, 1278–1289.
- Baker, B. L., & Brightman, A. J. (2004). Steps to independence: Teaching everyday skills to children with special needs ( 4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
- Baranek, G. T. (1999). Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9–12 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 213–224.
- Baron-Cohen, S. (1987). Autism and symbolic play. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 139–148.
- Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839–843.
- Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., … Charman, T. (1996). Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 138–163.
- Buggey, T. (2009). Seeing is believing: Video self-modeling for people with autism and other developmental disabilities. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.
- Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2000). Joint attention, cultural learning, and language acquisition. In A. M. Wetherby & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders (pp. 31–54). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Cater, E. W., Cushing, L. S., & Kennedy, C. H. (2008). Peer support strategies for improving all students’ social lives and learning. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(6), 1–23. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/ss/ss6904a1.htm
- Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L. M., Donkervoet, J. C., Arensdorf, A., Amundsen, M. J., McGee, C., … Morelli, P. (2002). Toward large-scale implementation of empirically supported treatments for children: A review and observations by the Hawaii empirical basis to services task force. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(2), 165–190.
- Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., … Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2015). Prevalence and characteristics of ASD among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 1, 1–8.
- Clifford, S., Young, R., & Williamson, P. (2007). Assessing the early characteristics of autistic disorder using video analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 301–313.
- Clifford, S. M., & Dissanayake, C. (2008). The early development of joint attention to infants with autistic disorder using home video observation and parental interview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 791–805.
- Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis ( 2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
-
Downs, A., Downs, R. C., Johansen, M., & Fossum, M. (2007). Using discrete trial teaching within a public preschool program to facilitate skill development in students with developmental disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 30(3), 1–27.
10.1353/etc.2007.0015 Google Scholar
- Feldman, M. A., Ward, A., Savona, D., Regehr, K., Parker, K., Hudson, M., … Holden, J. J. A. (2012). Development and initial validation of a parent report measure of the Behavioral Development of Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 13–22.
- Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H., Dawson, G., … Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism: Report of the Quality Standards Committee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 55, 468–479.
- P. F. Gerhardt, & D. Crimmins (Eds.) (2013). Social skills and adaptive behaviors in learners with autism spectrum disorders. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Giarelli, E., Wiggins, L. D., Rice, C. E., Levy, S. E., Kirby, R. S., Pinto-Martin, J., & Mandell, D. (2010). Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders among children. Disability & Health Journal, 3, 107–116.
- Gray, C. (2010). The new social story book ( 10th ed.). Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.
- Griffin, S., Harris, R., & Hogdon, L. (2013). Teach me with pictures: 40 fun picture scripts to develop play and communication skills in children on the autism spectrum. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Halle, J., McGee, G., Odom, A., & Wolery, M. (2005). The use of single subject research to identify evidence-based practice in special education. Exceptional Children, 71, 165–179.
-
Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H., & Kincaid, D. (2003). Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 18, 150–165.
10.1177/10883576030180030301 Google Scholar
- Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
- Karsten, A. M., & Carr, J. E. (2009). The effects of differential reinforcement of unprompted responding on the skill acquisition of children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 327–334.
- Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). New Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 82–93.
- Kim, S. H., Thurm, A., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2013). Multisite study of new Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1527–1538.
- Kleinman, J. M., Ventola, P. E., Pandey, J., Verbalis, A. D., Barton, M., Hodgson, S., … Fein, D. (2008). Diagnostic stability in very young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 606–615.
- Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R., Harrower, J. K., & Carter, C. M. (1999). Pivotal response intervention I: Overview of approach. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24, 174–185.
- Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., Shoshan, Y., & McNerney, E. (1999). Pivotal response intervention II: Preliminary long-term outcomes data. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24, 186–198.
- Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2012). The PRT pocket guide: Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorders. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Lafasakis, M., & Sturmey, P. (2007). Training parent implementation of discrete-trial teaching: Effects on generalization of parent teaching and child correct responding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 685–689.
- Lord, C. (1995). Follow-up of two-year-olds referred for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(8), 1365–1382.
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2013). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2), Part 1: Modules 1–4 ( 2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Lovaas, O. I. (2002). Teaching individuals with developmental delays: Basic intervention techniques. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed, Inc.
- Loveland, K. A., & Landry, S. H. (1986). Joint attention and language in autism and developmental language delay. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 335–349.
-
J. K. Luiselli (Ed.) (2014). Children and youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Recent advances and innovations in assessment, education, and intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/med:psych/9780199941575.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., … Dietz, P. M. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69(SS-4), 1–12. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1
- Mars, A. E., Mauk, J. E., & Dowrick, P. W. (1998). Symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders as observed in prediagnostic home videos of infants and toddlers. Journal of Pediatrics, 132, 500–504.
- McClannahan, L. E., & Krantz, P. J. (2010). Activity schedules for children with autism: Teaching independent behavior ( 2nd ed.). Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.
- McGinnis, E. (2011a). Skillstreaming in early childhood: A guide for teaching prosocial skills ( 3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press Co.
- McGinnis, E. (2011b). Skillstreaming the elementary school child: A guide for teaching prosocial skills ( 3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press Co.
- McGinnis, E. (2011c). Skillstreaming the adolescent: A guide for teaching prosocial skills ( 3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Research Press Co.
- Mundy, P., & Stella, J. (2000). Joint attention, social orienting, and nonverbal communication in autism. In A. M. Wetherby & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders (pp. 55–77). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Murray, S., & Nolan, B. (2013). Video modeling for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A practical guide for parents and professionals. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- National Autism Center. (2009). National Standards Project, Phase 1: Addressing the need for evidence-based practice guidelines for ASD . Retrieved from https://www.nationalautismcenter.org/national-standards-project/
- National Autism Center. (2015). National Standards Project, Phase 2: Addressing the need for evidence-based practice guidelines for ASD . Retrieved from https://www.nationalautismcenter.org/national-standards-project/
- National Research Council. (2001). Educating children with autism. Committee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
- Newman, B., Reinecke, D., & Ramos, M. (2009). Is a reasonable attempt reasonable? Shaping versus reinforcing verbal attempts of preschoolers with autism. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 25, 67–72.
- Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: A study of first birthday home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 247–258.
- P. Prelock, & R. J. McCauley (Eds.) (2012). Treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Evidence-based intervention strategies for communication and social interactions. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Prelock, P. A. (2019). Autism spectrum disorders: Issues in assessment and intervention ( 2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
- Prelock, P. A., Contompasis, S., & Han, Y. (2019). Autism and related disorders: Trends in screening and diagnosis, and neurobiologic, genetic, and health considerations. In P. A. Prelock (Ed.), Autism spectrum disorders: Issues in assessment and intervention ( 2nd ed., pp. 3–61). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
- Prelock, P. A., & Nelson, N. (2012). Language and communication in autism: An integrated view. The Pediatric Clinics of North America, 59(1), 129–145.
- Prizant, B. M., & Wetherby, A. M. (1998). Understanding the continuum of discrete-trial traditional behavioral to social-pragmatic developmental approaches in communication enhancement for young children with autism/PDD. Seminar in Speech and Language, 19, 329–352.
- Reichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Cicchetti, D. V. (2008). Development of the evaluative methods for evaluating and determining evidence-based practices in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1311–1319.
- Reiersen, A. M. (2017). Early identification of autism spectrum disorder: Is diagnosis by age 3 a reasonable goal? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(4), 284–285.
- Robins, D. L., Fein, D., & Barton, M. L. (2009). The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised . Retrieved from www.mchatscreen.com
- Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–144.
- Rogers, S. J., Dawson, G., & Vismara, L. A. (2012). An early start for your child with autism: Using everyday activities to help kids connect, communicate, and learn. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- A. Scarpa, S. W. White, & T. Attwood (Eds.) (2013). CBT for children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Shumway, S., & Wetherby, A. M. (2009). Communicative acts of children with ASD in the second year of life. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 1139–1156.
- Shumway, S., Wetherby, A. M., & Woods, J. (2003). Red flags of autism spectrum disorders in the second and third years of life . Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Chicago, IL.
- Smith, T., Scahill, L., Dawson, G., Guthrie, D., Lord, C., Odom, S., … Wagner, A. (2007). Designing research studies on psychosocial interventions in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 354–366.
-
Swineford, L. (2017). Screening for ASD in toddlers: An update on recommendations and practices. Perspectives of ASHA Special Interest Group 1, 2(1), 5–10.
10.1044/persp2.SIG1.5 Google Scholar
- Taubman, M., Brierley, S., Wishner, J., Baker, D., McEachin, J., & Leaf, R. B. (2001). The effectiveness of a group discrete trial instructional approach for preschoolers with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 205–219.
- Thompson, T. (2011). Individualized autism intervention for young children: Blending discrete trial and naturalistic strategies. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Veness, C., Prior, M., Bavin, E., Eadie, P., Cini, E., & Reilly, S. (2012). Early indicators of autism spectrum disorders at 12 and 24 months of age: A prospective, longitudinal comparative study. Autism, 16(2), 163–177.
- Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Baranek, G. T., Dykstra, J. R., & Wilson, K. P. (2013). Communicative gesture use in infants with and without autism: A retrospective home video study. American Journal of Speech, Language, Pathology, 22, 25–39.
- Werner, E., Dawson, G., Osterling, J., & Dinno, N. (2000). Brief report: Recognition of autism spectrum disorder before one year of age: A retrospective study based on home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 157–162.
- Wetherby, A., & Woods, J. (2003). Red flags of autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life . Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association, Chicago, IL.
- Wetherby, A., & Woods, J. (2006). Effectiveness of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders beginning in the second year of life. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 26, 67–82.
- Wetherby, A., & Woods, J. (2008). Developmental approaches to treatment of infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. In F. Volkmar, A. Klin, & K. Chawarska (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders in infancy and early childhood (pp. 170–206). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Wetherby, A. M., & Prizant, B. M. (2002). Communication and symbolic behavior scales developmental profile. Baltimore, MI: Brookes.
- Wetherby, A. M., & Woods, J. (2002). Systematic Observation of Red Flags for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Young Children. Unpublished manual. Tallahassee: Florida State University.
- Wetherby, A. M., Woods, J., Allen, L., Cleary, J., Dickinson, H., & Lord, C. (2004). Early indicators of autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 473–493.