Chilling Injury in Tropical Crops after Harvest

Tropical crops suffer from chilling injury after harvest, which has historically limited their global trade. The primary cause of chilling injury relates to membrane dysfunction leading to altered Ca²⁺ flux and upregulation of cold-regulated genes via C-repeat binding factors (CBFs). Secondary damage results from generation of free radicals. Chilling injury leads to a diversity of internal and external symptoms in tropical crops. The most serious are those which occur only internally or take time to display after fresh products leave the chilling environment, as these symptoms are likely to lead to product rejection after purchase. Techniques for the detection of chilling injury by non-destructive technologies are reviewed. A wide range of techniques has been tested empirically for reducing chilling susceptibility in tropical crops (step-down cooling, hormetic treatments, intermittent warming, atmosphere modification, chemical treatments, and pre-harvest manipulation) and is reviewed here. Faster progress may be possible if treatments can be based on knowledge of underlying mechanisms; for example, maximal heat shock protein gene expression may be an indicator of effective heat treatments. Options for introducing greater chilling tolerance through breeding are discussed, using wild relatives or introduced CBFs. Improved technologies are already leading to increased trade in tropical products which is beneficial for tropical economies.

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