10 Glycosyltransferases of the GT47 Family
Naomi Geshi
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJesper Harholt
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorYumiko Sakuragi
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Krüger Jensen
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Michigan State University, MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
Search for more papers by this authorHenrik Vibe Scheller
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608 USA
Search for more papers by this authorNaomi Geshi
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJesper Harholt
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorYumiko Sakuragi
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Krüger Jensen
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Michigan State University, MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
Search for more papers by this authorHenrik Vibe Scheller
University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608 USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
CAZy glycosyltransferase family 47 (GT47) consists of enzymes that are all predicted to be inverting glycosyltransferases. The family includes enzymes with diverse donor and acceptor specificities, making it difficult to predict the function of family members that have not been biochemically characterized. The GT47 family is dominated by plant proteins, many or all of which are likely involved in cell wall biosynthesis and located in the Golgi vesicles. Based on the phylogeny, the plant sequences can be classified into six groups (A–E). Most of them remain to have their biochemical function determined, but a few members are relatively well characterized: MUR3 and XGD1 have been shown biochemically to function as xyloglucan β-1,2-galactosyltransferase and xylogalacturonan β-1,3-xylosyltransferase, respectively. Wall phenotype has been demonstrated in mutants of arad1, gut1/irx10 and fra8/irx7, but biochemical function of the corresponding proteins remains to be elucidated. The mutant phenotypes suggest that ARAD1 functions as a pectin arabinosyltransferase while GUT1/IRX10L and FRA8/IRX7 are involved in xylan biosynthesis.
References
- Andersson, S.-I., Samuelson, O., Ishihara, M., Shimizu, K. (1983) Structure of the reducing end-groups in spruce xylan. Carbohydrate Research, 111, 283–288.
- Bauer, S., Vasu, P., Persson, S., Mort, A.J., Somerville, C.R. (2006) Development and application of a suite of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes for analyzing plant cell walls. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, 103, 11417–11422.
- Brown, D.M., Zeef, L.A.H., Ellis, J., et al. (2005) Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. Plant Cell, 17, 2281–2295.
- Darvill, J.E., McNeil, M., Darvill, A.G., Albersheim, P. (1980) The structure of plant cell walls. XI. Glucuronoarabinoxylan, a second hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiology, 66, 1135–1139.
- Dunkley, T.P., Hester, S., Shadforth, I.P., et al. (2006) Mapping the Arabidopsis organelle proteome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, 103, 6518–6523.
- Ellis, C., Karafyllidis, K., Wasternack, C., Turner, J.G. (2002) The Arabidopsis mutant cev1 links cell wal signaling to jasmonate and ethylene responses. Plant Cell, 14, 1557–1566.
- Gasper, Y.M., Nam, J., Schultz, C.J., et al. (2004) Characterization of the Arabidopsis lysine-rich arabinogalactan-protein AtAGp17 mutant (rat1) that results in a decreased efficiency of Agrobacterium transformation. Plant Physiology, 135, 2161–2171.
- Harholt, J., Jensen, J.K., Sørensen, S.O., Orfila, C., Pauly, M., Scheller, H.V. (2006) ARABINAN DEFICIENT 1 is a putative arabinosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of pectic arabinan in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 140, 49–58.
- Hernández-Blanco, C., Feng, D.X., Hu, J., et al. (2007) Impairment of cellulose synthases required for Arabidopsis secondary cell wall formation enhances disease resistance. Plant Cell, 10, 890–903.
- Hicks, G.R., Hironaka, C.M., Dauvillee, D., et al. (2001) When simpler is better. Unicellular green algae for discovering new genes and functions in carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Physiology, 127, 1334–1338.
- Iwai, H., Masaoka, N., Ishii, T., Satoh, S. (2002) A pectin glucuronosyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, 99, 16319–16324.
- Jensen, J.K., Sørensen, S.O., Harholt, J., et al. (2008) Identification of a xylogalacturonan xylosyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 20, 1289–1302.
- Jia, Z., Cash, M., Darvill, A.G., York, W.S. (2005) NMR characterization of endogenously O-acetylated oligosaccharides isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) xyloglucan. Carbohydrate Research, 340, 1818–1825.
- Jones, L., Milne, J.L., Ashford, D., McCann, M.C., McQueen-Mason, S.J. (2005) A conserved functional role of pectic polymers in stomatal guard cells from a range of plant species. Planta, 221, 255–264.
- Konishi, T., Ono, H., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M., Kaneko, S., Ishii, T. (2006) Identification of a mung bean arabinofuranosyltransferase that transfers arabinofuranosyl residues onto (1, 5)-linked alpha-L-arabino-oligosaccharides. Plant Physiology, 141, 1098–1105.
- Lee, C.H., O'Neill, M.A., Tsumuraya, Y., et al. (2007) The irregular xylem9 mutant is deficient in xylan xylosyltransferase activity. Plant Cell Physiology, 48, 1624–1634.
- Li, X., Cordero, I., Caplan, J., Mølhøj, M., Reiter W-D. (2004) Molecular analysis of 10 coding regions from Arabidopsis that are homologous to the MUR3 xyloglucan galactosyltransferase. Plant Physiology, 134, 940–950.
- Madson, M., Dunand, C., Li, X., et al. (2003) The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins. Plant Cell, 15, 1662–1670.
- Marchant, A., Wu A-M., Hörnblad, E., et al. (2007) Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis GT47 GUT1 and GUT2 glycosyltransferases. Physiologia Plantarum, 130, Suppl. XIth Cell Wall Meeting Abstract 6.
- McCartney, L., Marcus, S.E., Knox, J.P. (2005) Monoclonal antibodies to plant cell wall xylans and arabinoxylans. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 53, 543–546.
- Mitchell, R.A.C., Dupree, P., Shewry, P.R. (2007) A novel bioinformatics approach identifies chadidate genese for the synthesis and feryloylation of arabinoxylan. Plant Physiology, 144, 43–53.
- Møller, I., Sørensen, I., Bernal, A.J., et al. (2007) High-throughput mapping of cell-wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays. Plant Journal, 50, 1118–1128.
- Nishimura, M.T., Stein, M., Hou, B.H., Vogel, J.P., Edwards, H., Somerville, S.C. (2003) Loss of a callose synthase results in salicylic acid-dependent disease resistance. Science, 301, 969–972.
- Pagnussat, G.C., Yu, H.J., Ngo, Q.A., et al. (2005) Genetic and molecular identification of genes required for female gametophyte development and function in Arabidopsis. Development, 132, 603–614.
- Peña, M.J., Ryden, P., Madson, M., Smith, A.C., Carpita, N.C. (2004) The galactose residues of xyloglucan are essential to maintain mechanical strength of the primary cell walls in Arabidopsis during growth. Plant Physiology, 134, 443–451.
- Peña, M.J., Zhong, R., Zhou G-K., et al. (2007) Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: Implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell, 19, 549–563.
- Pérez, S., Rodríguez-Carvajal, M.A., Doco, T. (2003) A complex plant cell wall polysaccharide: rhamnogalacturonan II. A structure in quest of a function. Biochimie, 85, 109–121.
- Persson, S., Wei, H.R., Milne, J., et al. (2005) Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U S A, 102, 8633–8638.
- Persson, S, Caffall, K.H., Freshour G., et al. (2007) The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. Plant Cell, 19, 237–255.
- Reiter W-D., Chapple, C., Somerville, C.R. (1997) Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered cell wall polysaccharide composition. Plant Journal, 12, 335–345.
- Ryden, P., Sugimoto-Shirasu, K., Smith, A.C., Findlay, K., Reiter W-D., McCann, M.C. (2003) Tensile properties of Arabidopsis cell walls depend on both a xyloglucan cross-linked microfibrillar network and rhamnogalacturonan II-borate complexes. Plant Physiology, 132, 1033–1040.
- Scheller, H.V., Jensen, J.K., Sørensen, S.O., Harholt, J., Geshi, N. (2007) Biosynthesis of pectin. Physiologia Plantarum, 129, 283–295.
- Schwacke, R., Schneider, A., Van der Graaff, E., et al. (2003) ARAMEMNON, a novel database for Arabidopsis integral membrane proteins. Plant Phyiology, 131, 16–26.
- Séveno, M., Voxeur, A., Rihouey, C., et al. (2009) Structural characterisation of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II using an acidic fingerprinting methodology. Planta, 230, 947–957.
- Shimizu, K., Ishihara, M., Ishihara, T. (1976) Hemicellulases of brown rotting fungus, Tyromyces palustris. II. The oligosaccharides from the hydrolysate of a hardwood xylan by the intracellular xylanase. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 22, 618–625.
- Tamura, K., Shimada, T., Kondo, M., et al. (2005) KATAMARI1/MURUS3 is a novel Golgi membrane protein that is required for endomembrane organization in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 17, 1764–1776.
- Taylor, N.G., Scheible, W.R., Cutler, S., et al. (1999) The irregular xylem3 locus of arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Cell, 11, 769-779.
- Taylor, N.G., Laurie, S., Turner, S.R. (2000) Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 12, 2529-2539.
- Ubeda-Tomas, S., Edvardsson, E., Eland, C., et al. (2007) Genomic-assisted identification of genes involved in secondary growth in Arabidopsis utilizing transcript profiling of poplar wood-forming tissues. Physiologia Plantarum, 129, 415–428.
- Ulvskov, P., Wium, H., Bruce, D., Jørgensen, B., Qvist, K.B., Skjøt, M., Hepworth, D., Borkhardt, B., Sørensen, S.O. (2005) Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes. Planta, 220, 609–620.
- Vogel, J.P., Raab, T.K., Schiff, C., Somerville, S.C. (2002) PMR6, a pectate lyase-like gene required for powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14, 2095–2106.
- Vogel, J.P., Raab, T.K., Somerville, C.R., Somerville, S.C. (2004) Mutations in PMR5 result in powdery mildew resistance and altered cell wall composition. Plant Journal, 40, 968–978.
- Willats, W.G.T., McCartney, L., Steele-King, C.G., et al. (2004) A xylogalacturonan epitope is specifically associated with plant cell detachment. Planta, 218, 673–681.
- Wu, A-M., Rihouey, C., Seveno, M., et al. (2008) The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation. Plant Journal, 57, 718–731.
- Zablackis, E., Huang, J., Müller, B., Darvill, A.G., Albersheim, P. (1995) Chracterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Physiology, 107, 1129–1138.
- Zandleven, J., Sorensen, S.O., Harholt, J., et al. (2007) Xylogalacturonan exists in cell walls from various tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana . Phytochemistry, 68, 1219-1226.
- Zhong, R., Pena, M.J., Zhou G-K., Narin, C.J., et al. (2005) Arabidopsis Fragile Fiber8, which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis. Plant Cell, 17, 3390–3408.
- Zhou, G.K., Zhong, R.Q., Richardson, E.A., et al. (2006) The poplar glycosyltransferase GT47C is functionally conserved with Arabidopsis Fragile fiber8. Plant and Cell Physiology, 47, 1229–1240.
- Zhu, Y., Nam, J., Carpita, N.C., Matthysse, A.G., Gelvin, S.B. (2003) Agrobacterium-mediated root transformation is inhibited by mutation of an Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like gene. Plant Physiology, 133, 1000–1010.
Citing Literature
Browse other articles of this reference work:
