2 Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and Betalains
Annual Plant Reviews book series, Volume 40: Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism
Margaret F. Roberts,
Dieter Strack,
Michael Wink,
Margaret F. Roberts
Retired from The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorDieter Strack
Retired from Department of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Wink
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMargaret F. Roberts,
Dieter Strack,
Michael Wink,
Margaret F. Roberts
Retired from The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorDieter Strack
Retired from Department of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Wink
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorThis article was originally published in 2010 in Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Volume 40 (ISBN 9781405183970) of the Annual Plant Reviews book series, this volume edited by Michael Wink. The article was republished in Annual Plant Reviews online in April 2018.
Abstract
Alkaloids represent a structurally diverse group of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites. Many of them have pronounced pharmacological activities and are therefore important for medicine and biotechnology. Most alkaloids derive from an amino acid as a precursor, such as ornithine, arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. The biosynthetic pathways of the main groups of alkaloids have already been elucidated at the enzyme and gene levels. In a few cases, it was already possible to produce alkaloids (e.g. benzylisoquinoline alkaloids) in transgenic microorganisms which were transformed with the respective genes of alkaloid biosynthesis. Details are given for nicotine and tropane alkaloids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids, ergot alkaloids, acridone alkaloids, purine alkaloids and taxol. Betalains (the red–violet betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins) are structurally related to alkaloids (‘chromoalkaloids’) and are typical for plants in the order Caryophyllales. Their biosynthesis and function are discussed in this chapter.
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