3 Chromatin-Associated Architectural HMGA and HMGB Proteins Assist Transcription Factor Function
Annual Plant Reviews book series, Volume 29: Regulation of Transcription in Plants
Klaus D. Grasser,
Dorte Launholt,
Klaus D. Grasser
Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg, DK-9000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorDorte Launholt
Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg, DK-9000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorKlaus D. Grasser,
Dorte Launholt,
Klaus D. Grasser
Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg, DK-9000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorDorte Launholt
Department of Life Sciences, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, Aalborg, DK-9000 Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 19 April 2018
Abstract
The sections in this article are
- Introduction
- HMGA Proteins
- HMGB Proteins
- Dynamic Interaction of Histone H1 and HMG Proteins with Chromatin
- HMGA and HMGB Proteins as Architectural Assistant Factors
- Acknowledgements
References
- A. Agresti and M.E. Bianchi (2003) HMGB proteins and gene expression. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 13, 170–178.
- A. Agresti, P. Scaffidi, A. Riva, V.R. Caiolfa and M.E. Bianchi (2005) GR and HMGB1 interact only within chromatin and influence each other's residence time. Molecular Cell 18, 109–121.
- A. Anand and K. Chada (2000) In vivo modulation of Hmgic reduces obesity. Nature Genetics 24, 377–380.
- L.J. Arwood, E. Hill and S. Spiker (1991) Ethidium bromide preferentially releases high mobility group chromosomal proteins HMGc and HMGd from wheat embryo nuclei. Plant Physiology 82, 419–422.
- L.J. Arwood and S. Spiker (1990) Binding of wheat and chicken high mobility group chromosomal proteins to DNA and to wheat and chicken mononucleosomes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 9771–9777.
- G.C. Banks, Y. Li and R. Reeves (2000) Differential in vivo modifications of the HMGI(Y) nonhistone chromatin proteins modulate nucleosome and DNA interactions. Biochemistry 39, 8333–8346.
- T. Barz, K. Ackermann, G. Dubois, R. Eils and W. Pyerin (2003) Genome-wide expression screens indicate a global role for protein kinase CK2 in chromatin remodeling. Journal of Cell Science 116, 1563–1577.
- M.E. Bianchi and A. Agresti (2005) HMG proteins: dynamic players in gene regulation and differentiation. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 15, 496–506.
- T. Bonaldi, G. Längst, R. Strohner, P.B. Becker and M.E. Bianchi (2002) The DNA chaperone HMGB1 facilitates ACF/CHRAC-dependent nucleosome sliding. The EMBO Journal 21, 6865–6873.
- T. Bonaldi, F. Talamo, P. Scaffidi, et al. (2003) Monocytic cells hyperacetylate chromatin protein HMGB1 to redirect it towards secretion. The EMBO Journal 22, 5551–5560.
- V. Boonyaratanakornkit, V. Melvin, P. Prendergast, et al. (1998) High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, 4471–4487.
- M. Bustin (1999) Regulation of DNA-dependent activities by the functional motifs of the high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, 5237–5246.
- M. Bustin (2001) Revised nomenclature for high mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 26, 152–153.
- M. Bustin, F. Catez and J.-H. Lim (2005) The dynamics of histone H1 function in chromatin. Molecular Cell 17, 617–620.
- M. Bustin and R. Reeves (1996) High-mobility-group chromosomal proteins: architectural components that facilitate chromatin function. Progress in Nucleic Acids Research 54, 35–100.
- S. Calogero, F. Grassi, A. Aguzzi, et al. (1999) The lack of chromosomal protein HMG1 does not disrupt cell growth but causes lethal hypoglycaemia in newborn mice. Nature Genetics 22, 276–280.
- F. Catez, H. Yang, K.J. Tracey, R. Reeves, T. Misteli and M. Bustin (2004) Network of dynamic interactions between histone H1 and high-mobility-group proteins in chromatin. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, 4321–4328.
- M. Cavalar, C. Möller, N.M. Krohn, K.D. Grasser and C. Peterhänsel (2003) The interaction of DOF transcription factors with nucleosomes depends on the positioning of the binding site and is facilitated by maize HMGB5. Biochemistry 42, 2149–2157.
- C. Costigan, D. Kolodrubetz and M. Snyder (1994) NHP6A and NHP6B, which encode HMG1-like proteins, are candidates for downstream components of the yeast SLT2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, 2391–2403.
- M. Decoville, M.J. Giraud-Panis, C. Mosrin-Huaman, M. Leng and D. Locker (2000) HMG boxes of DSP1 protein interact with the Rel homology domain of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Research 28, 454–462.
- A.I. Dragan, J.R. Liggins, C. Crane-Robinson and P.L. Privalov (2003) The energetics of specific binding of AT-hooks from HMGA1 to target DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology 327, 393–411.
- D.D. Edberg, J.N. Adkins, D.L. Springer and R. Reeves (2005) Dynamic and differential in vivo modifications of the isoform HMGA1a and HMGA1b chromatin proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 8961–8973.
- D.D. Edberg, J.E. Bruce, W.F. Siems and R. Reeves (2004) In vivo posttranslational modifications of the high mobility group A1a proteins in breast cancer cells of differing metastatic potential. Biochemistry 43, 11500–11515.
- K.B. Ellwood, Y.-M. Yen, R.C. Johnson and M. Carey (2000) Mechanism for specificity by HMG-1 in enhanceosome assembly. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20, 4359–4370.
- L. Falciola, F. Spada, S. Calogero, et al. (1997) High mobility group 1 protein is not stably associated with the chromosomes of somatic cells. The Journal of Cell Biology 137, 19–26.
- D. Foti, E. Chiefari, M. Fedele, et al. (2005) Lack of the architectural factor HMGA1 causes insulin resistance and diabetes in humans and mice. Nature Medicine 11, 765–773.
- S. Ghidelli, P. Claus, G. Thies and J.R. Wisniewski (1997) High mobility group proteins cHMG1a, cHMG1b and cHMGI are distinctly distributed in chromosomes and differentially expressed during ecdysone dependent cell differentiation. Chromosoma 105, 369–379.
- G.H. Goodwin, C. Sanders and E.W. Johns (1973) A new group of chromatin-associated proteins with a high content of acidic and basic amino acids. European Journal of Biochemistry 38, 14–19.
- S. Gorski and T. Misteli (2005) Systems biology in the cell nucleus. Journal of Cell Science 118, 4083–4092.
- K.D. Grasser (1995) Plant chromosomal high mobility group (HMG) proteins. The Plant Journal 7, 185–192.
- K.D. Grasser (2003) Chromatin-associated HMGA and HMGB proteins: versatile co-regulators of DNA-dependent processes. Plant Molecular Biology 53, 281–295.
- K.D. Grasser, S. Grill, M. Duroux, et al. (2004) HMGB6 from Arabidopsis thaliana specifies a novel type of plant chromosomal HMGB protein. Biochemistry 43, 1309–1314.
- K.D. Grasser, W. Hetz, E.A. Griess and G. Feix (1993) Stimulatory effect of the maize HMGa protein on reporter gene expression in maize protoplasts. FEBS Letters 327, 141–144.
- K.D. Grasser, A.B. Krech and G. Feix (1994) The maize chromosomal HMGa protein recognises structural features of DNA and increases DNA flexibility. The Plant Journal 6, 351–358.
- K.D. Grasser, A. Wurz and G. Feix (1991) Isolation and characterisation of high-mobility-group proteins from maize. Planta 185, 350–355.
- M. Grasser, A. Lentz, J. Lichota, T. Merkle and K.D. Grasser (2006) The Arabidopsis genome encodes structurally and functionally diverse HMGB-type proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 358, 654–664.
- R. Grosschedl (1995) Higher-order nucleoprotein complexes in transcription: analogies with site-specific recombination. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 7, 362–370.
- R. Gupta, C.I. Webster and J.C. Gray (1997a) The single-copy gene encoding high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y from pea contains a single intron and is expressed in all organs. Plant Molecular Biology 35, 987–992.
- R. Gupta, C.I. Webster and J.C. Gray (1998) Characterisation and promoter analysis of the Arabidopsis gene encoding high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y. Plant Molecular Biology 36, 897–907.
- R. Gupta, C.I. Webster, A. Walker and J.C. Gray (1997b) Chromosomal location and expression of the single-copy gene encoding high-mobility-group protein HMG-I/Y in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Molecular Biology 34, 529–536.
- G.L. Hager, C. Elbi and M. Becker (2002) Protein dynamics in the nuclear compartment. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 12, 137–141.
- Q. He, U.-M. Ohndorf and S.J. Lippard (2000) Intercalating residues determine the mode of HMG1 domains A and B binding to cisplatin-modified DNA. Biochemistry 39, 14426–14435.
- D.A. Hill, M.L. Pedulla and R. Reeves (1999) Directional binding of HMG-I(Y) on four-way junction DNA and the molecular basis for competitive binding with HMG-1 and histone H1. Nucleic Acids Research 27, 2135–2144.
- P.J. Horn, L.M. Carruthers, C. Logie, et al. (2002) Phosphorylation of linker histones regulates ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. Nature Structural Biology 9, 263–267.
- J.R. Huth, C.A. Bewley, M.S. Nissen, et al. (1997) The solution structure of an HMG-I(Y)-DNA complex defines a new architectural minor groove binding motif. Nature Structural Biology 4, 657–665.
- A. Jerzmanowski, M. Przewloka and K.D. Grasser (2000) Linker histones and HMG1 proteins of higher plants. Plant Biology 2, 586–597.
- J. Klass, F.V. Murphy, S. Fouts, et al. (2003) The role of intercalating residues in chromosomal high-mobility-group protein DNA binding, bending and specificity. Nucleic Acids Research 31, 2852–2864.
- S.J. Klosterman, J.J. Choi and L.A. Hadwiger (2003) Analysis of pea HMG-I/Y expression suggests a role in defence gene regulation. Molecular Plant Pathology 4, 249–258.
- S.J. Klosterman and L.A. Hadwiger (2002) Plant HMG proteins bearing the AT-hook motif. Plant Science 162, 855–866.
- A.B. Krech, D. Wulff, K.D. Grasser and G. Feix (1999) Plant chromosomal HMGI/Y proteins and histone H1 exhibit a protein domain of common origin. Gene 230, 1–5.
- N.M. Krohn, S. Yanagisawa and K.D. Grasser (2002) Specificity of the stimulatory interaction between chromosomal HMGB proteins and the transcription factor Dof2 and its negative regulation by protein kinase CK2-mediated phosphorylation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 32438–32444.
- T. Laux, J. Seurinck and R.B. Goldberg (1991) A soybean embryo cDNA encodes a DNA-binding protein with histone and HMG protein-like domains. Nucleic Acids Research 19, 4768.
- M.A. Lever, J.P. Th'ng, X. Sun and M.J. Hendzel (2000) Rapid exchange of histone 1.1 on chromatin in living human cells. Nature 408, 873–876.
- J. Lichota and K.D. Grasser (2001) Differential chromatin association and nucleosome binding of the maize HMGA, HMGB, and SSRP1 proteins. Biochemistry 40, 7860–7867.
- J. Lichota, C. Ritt and K.D. Grasser (2004) Ectopic expression of the maize chromosomal HMGB1 protein causes defects in root development in tobacco seedlings. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 318, 317–322.
- D.W. Litchfield (2003) Protein kinase CK2: structure, regulation and role in cellular decisions of life and death. The Biochemical Journal 369, 1–15.
- J. Liu, J.F. Schiltz, H.R. Ashar and K. Chada (2003) HMGa1 is required for normal sperm development. Molecular Reproduction and Development 66, 81–89.
- S. Lomvardas and D. Thanos (2002) Modifying gene expression programs by altering core promoter chromatin architecture. Cell 110, 261–271.
- J.F. Martinez-Garcia and P.H. Quail (1999) The HMG-I/Y protein PF1 stimulates binding of the transcriptional activator GT-2 to the PHYA gene promoter. The Plant Journal 18, 173–183.
- J.E. Masse, B. Wong, Y.-M. Yen, F.H.T. Allain, R.C. Johnson and J. Feignon (2002) The S. cerevisiae architectural HMGB protein NHP6A complexed with DNA: DNA and protein conformational changes upon binding. Journal of Molecular Biology 323, 263–284.
- K. McKinney and C. Prives (2002) Efficient specific DNA binding by p53 requires both its central and C-terminal domains as revealed by studies with high-mobility-group 1 protein. Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, 6797–6808.
- F. Meggio and L.A. Pinna (2003) One-thousand-and-one substrates of protein kinase CK2? The FASEB Journal 17, 349–368.
- M. Merika and D. Thanos (2001) Enhanceosomes. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 11, 205–208.
- T.B. Miranda, K.J. Webb, D.D. Edberg, R. Reeves and S. Clark (2005) Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 specifically methylates the nonhistone chromatin protein HMGA1a. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 336, 831–835.
- T. Misteli (2001) Protein dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science 291, 843–847.
- T. Misteli, A. Gunjan, R. Hock, M. Bustin and D.T. Brown (2000) Dynamic binding of histone H1 to chromatin in living cells. Nature 408, 877–881.
- K. Mitsouras, B. Wong, C. Arayata, R.C. Johnson and M. Carey (2002) The DNA architectural protein HMGB1 displays two distinct modes of action that promote enhanceosome assembly. Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, 4390–4401.
- J.M.A. Moreira and S. Holmberg (2000) Chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation by the yeast architectural factors NHP6A and NHP6B. The EMBO Journal 19, 6804–6813.
- N. Munshi, T. Agalioti, S. Lomvardas, M. Merika, G. Chen and D. Thanos (2001) Coordination of a transcriptional switch by HMGI(Y) acetylation. Science 293, 1133–1136.
- F.V. Murphy, R.M. Sweet and M.E.A. Churchill (1999) The structure of a chromosomal high mobility group protein–DNA complex reveals sequence-neutral mechanisms important for non-sequence-specific DNA recognition. The EMBO Journal 18, 6610–6618.
- Y. Najima, N. Yahagi, Y. Takeuchi, et al. (2005) High mobility group protein-B1 interacts with sterol regulatory element-binding proteins to enhance their DNA binding. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 27523–27532.
- S.S. Ner and A.A. Travers (1994) HMG-D, the Drosophila melanogaster homologue of HMG1 protein, is associated with early embryonic chromatin in the absence of histone H1. The EMBO Journal 13, 1817–1822.
- J. Nieto-Sotelo, A. Ichida and P.H. Quail (1994) PF1: an A-T hook containing DNA binding protein from rice that interacts with a functionally defined d(AT)-rich element in the oat phytochrome A3 gene promoter. The Plant Cell 6, 287–301.
- K. Nightingale, S. Dimitrov, R. Reeves and A.P. Wolffe (1996) Evidence for a shared structural role for HMG1 and linker histones B4 and H1 in organising chromatin. The EMBO Journal 15, 548–561.
- U.-M. Ohndorf, M.A. Rould, Q. He, C.O. Pabo and S.J. Lippard (1999) Basis for recognition of cisplatin-modified DNA by high-mobility-group proteins. Nature 399, 708–712.
- S.D. O'Neill and C.C. Zheng (1998) Abundance of mRNAs encoding HMG1/HMG2 class high-mobility-group DNA-binding proteins are differentially regulated in cotyledons of Pharbitis nil . Plant Molecular Biology 37, 235–241.
- T.T. Paull, M. Carey and R.C. Johnson (1996) Yeast HMG proteins NHP6A/B potentiate promoter-specific transcriptional activation in vivo and assembly of preinitiation complexes in vitro . Genes and Development 10, 2769–2781.
- T.J. Pedersen, L.J. Arwood, S. Spiker, M.J. Guiltinan and W.F. Thompson (1991) High mobility group proteins bind to AT-rich tracts flanking plant genes. Plant Molecular Biology 16, 95–104.
- R.D. Phair, P. Scaffidi, C. Elbi, et al. (2004) Global nature of dynamic protein–chromatin interactions in vivo: three-dimensional genome scanning and dynamic interaction networks of chromatin proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, 6393–6402.
- A. Ragab, E.C. Thompson and A.A. Travers (2006) HMGD and HMGZ interact genetically with the Brahma chromatin remodelling complex in Drosophila . Genetics 172, 1069–1078.
- A. Ragab and A. Travers (2003) HMG-D and histone H1 alter the local accessibility of nucleosomal DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 31, 7083–7089.
- R. Reeves and L. Beckerbauer (2001) HMGI/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1519, 13–29.
- R. Reeves and M.S. Nissen (1993) Interaction of high mobility group-I(Y) nonhistone proteins with nucleosome core particles. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 21137–21146.
- M. Riera, G. Peracchia and M. Pagès (2001) Distinctive features of plant protein kinase CK2. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 227, 119–127.
- C. Ritt, R. Grimm, S. Fernández, J.C. Alonso and K.D. Grasser (1998a) Basic and acidic regions flanking the HMG domain of maize HMGa modulate the interactions with DNA and the self-association of the protein. Biochemistry 37, 2673–2681.
- C. Ritt, R. Grimm, S. Fernández, J.C. Alonso and K.D. Grasser (1998b) Four differently chromatin-associated maize HMG domain proteins modulate DNA structure and act as architectural elements in nucleoprotein complexes. The Plant Journal 14, 623–631.
- L. Ronfani, M. Ferraguti, L. Croci, et al. (2001) Reduced fertility and spermatogenesis defects in mice lacking chromosomal protein Hmgb2. Development 128, 1265–1273.
- J.S. Sandhu, C.I. Webster and J.C. Gray (1998) A/T-rich sequences act as quantitative enhancers of gene expression in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. Plant Molecular Biology 37, 885–896.
- T.F. Schultz, S. Spiker and R.S. Quatrano (1996) Histone H1 enhances the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor EmBP-1. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 25742–25745.
- R. Schwanbeck, M. Gymnopoulos, I. Petry, et al. (2001) Consecutive steps of phosphorylation affect confirmation and DNA binding of the Chironomus high mobility group A protein. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 26012–26021.
- R. Sgarra, J. Lee, M.A. Tessari, et al. (2006) The AT-hook of the chromatin architectural transcription factor HMGA1a is arginine methylated by PRMT6. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, 3764–3772.
- R. Sgarra, A. Rustighi, M.A. Tessari, et al. (2004) Nuclear phosphoproteins HMGA and their relationship with chromatin structure and cancer. FEBS Letters 574, 1–8.
- R. Sgarra, M.A. Tessari, J. di Bernardo, et al. (2005) Discovering high mobility group A molecular partners in tumor cells. Proteomics 5, 1494–1506.
- B. Shykind, J. Kim and P.A. Sharp (1995) Activation of the TFIID–TFIIA complex with HMG-2. Genes and Development 9, 1354–1365.
- K.B. Singh (1998) Transcriptional regulation in plants: the importance of combinatorial control. Plant Physiology 118, 1111–1120.
- S. Spiker (1984) High mobility group chromosomal proteins of wheat. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 12007–12013.
- S. Spiker (1988) Histone variants and high mobility group non-histone chromosomal proteins of higher plants: their potential for forming a chromatin structure that is either poised for transcription or transcriptionally inert. Plant Physiology 74, 200–213.
- S. Spiker and E.M. Everett (1987) Blotting index of dissimilarity: use to study immunological relatedness of plant and animal high mobility (HMG) chromosomal proteins. Plant Molecular Biology 9, 431–442.
- C. Stemmer, S. Fernández, G. Lopez, J.C. Alonso and K.D. Grasser (2002a) Plant chromosomal HMGB proteins efficiently promote the bacterial site-specific β-mediated recombination in vitro and in vivo . Biochemistry 41, 7763–7770.
- C. Stemmer, R. Grimm and K.D. Grasser (1999) Occurrence of five different chromosomal HMG1 proteins in various maize tissues. Plant Molecular Biology 41, 351–361.
- C. Stemmer, D.J. Leeming, L. Franßen, R. Grimm and K.D. Grasser (2003) Phosphorylation of maize and Arabidopsis HMGB proteins by protein kinase CK2α . Biochemistry 42, 3503–3508.
- C. Stemmer, C. Ritt, G.L. Igloi, R. Grimm and K.D. Grasser (1997) Variability in Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomal high-mobility-group-1-like proteins. European Journal of Biochemistry 250, 646–652.
- C. Stemmer, A. Schwander, G. Bauw, P. Fojan and K.D. Grasser (2002b) Protein kinase CK2 differentially phosphorylates maize chromosomal high mobility group B (HMGB) proteins modulating their stability and DNA interactions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 1092–1098.
- M. Stros and E. Muselíková (2000) A role of basic residues and the putative intercalating phenylalanine of the HMG-1 box B in DNA supercoiling and binding to four-way junctions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 35699–35707.
- J.O. Thomas and A.A. Travers (2001) HMG1 and 2, and related architectural DNA-binding proteins. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 26, 167–174.
- M.S. Thomsen, L. Franßen, D. Launholt, P. Fojan and K.D. Grasser (2004) Interactions of the basic N-terminal and the acidic C-terminal domains of the maize chromosomal HMGB1 protein. Biochemistry 43, 8029–8037.
- R. Tjian and T. Maniatis (1994) Transcriptional activation: a complex puzzle with few easy pieces. Cell 77, 5–8.
- A. Travers (2000) Recognition of distorted DNA structures by HMG domains. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 10, 102–109.
- I. Ugrinova, E.A. Pasheva, J. Armengaud and I.G. Pashev (2001) In vivo acetylation of HMG1 protein enhances its binding affinity to distorted DNA structures. Biochemistry 40, 14655–14660.
- D. Van den Boeck, D. Van der Straten, M. Van Montagu and A. Caplan (1994) A group of chromosomal proteins is specifically released by spermine and loses DNA-binding activity upon phosphorylation. Plant Physiology 106, 559–566.
-
K.E. van Holde (1989) Chromatin. Springer, Heidelberg.
10.1007/978-1-4612-3490-6 Google Scholar
- C.I. Webster, M.A. Cooper, L.C. Packman, D.H. Williams and J.C. Gray (2000) Kinetic analysis of high-mobility-group proteins HMG-1 and HMG-I/Y binding to cholesterol-tagged DNA on a supported lipid monolayer. Nucleic Acids Research 28, 1618–1624.
- C.I. Webster, L.C. Packman and J.C. Gray (2001) HMG-1 enhances HMGI/Y binding to an A/T-rich enhancer element from the pea plastocyanin gene. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 3154–3162.
- C.I. Webster, L.C. Packman, K.-H. Pwee and J.C. Gray (1997) High mobility group proteins HMG-1 and HMGI/Y bind to a positive regulatory region of the pea plastocyanin gene. The Plant Journal 11, 703–715.
- J.R. Wisniewski, N.M. Krohn, E. Heyduk, K.D. Grasser and T. Heyduk (1999a) HMG1 proteins from evolutionary distant organisms distort B-DNA conformation in similar way. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1447, 25–34.
- J.R. Wisniewski, E. Schulze and B. Sapetto (1994) DNA binding and nuclear translocation of insect high-mobility-group-1 (HMG1) proteins are inhibited by phosphorylation. European Journal of Biochemistry 225, 687–693.
- J.R. Wisniewski, Z. Szewczuk, I. Petry, R. Schwanbeck and U. Renner (1999b) Constitutive phosphorylation of the acidic tails of the high mobility group proteins by casein kinase II alters their conformation, stability and DNA binding specificity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 20116–20122.
- Q. Wu, W. Zhang, K.-H. Pwee and P.P. Kumar (2003a) Cloning and characterization of rice HMGB1 gene. Gene 312, 103–109.
- Q. Wu, W. Zhang, K.-H. Pwee and P.P. Kumar (2003b) Rice HMGB1 protein recognizes DNA structures and bends DNA efficiently. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 411, 105–111.
- S. Yamamoto and T. Minamikawa (1997a) The high mobility group protein HMG-Y binds to promoter regions of seed storage protein genes from Canavalia gladiata D.C. Plant Science 124, 165–173.
- S. Yamamoto and T. Minamikawa (1997b) Two genes for the high mobility group protein HMG-Y are present in the genome of Canavalia gladiata D. C. Plant Molecular Biology 33, 537–544.
- S. Yamamoto and T. Minamikawa (1998) The isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding a high mobility group protein HMG-1 from Canavalia gladiata D.C. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1396, 47–50.
- S. Yanagisawa (1997) Dof DNA-binding domains of plant transcription factors contribute to multiple protein–protein interactions. European Journal of Biochemistry 250, 403–410.
- Y.-M. Yen, B. Wong and R.C. Johnson (1998) Determinants of DNA binding and bending by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae high mobility group protein NHP6A that are important for its biological activities. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 4424–4435.
- J. Yie, M. Merika, N. Munshi, G. Chen and D. Thanos (1999) The role of HMGI(Y) in the assembly and function of the IFN-beta enhanceosome. The EMBO Journal 18, 3074–3089.
- V. Zappavigna, L. Falciola, M. Helmer-Citterich and M.E. Bianchi (1996) HMG1 interacts with HOX proteins and enhances their DNA binding and transcriptional activation. The EMBO Journal 15, 4981–4991.
- W. Zhang, Q. Wu, K.-H. Pwee, S.D.S. Jois and R.M. Kini (2003a) Characterization of the interaction of wheat HMGa with linear and four-way junction DNA. Biochemistry 42, 6596–6607.
- W. Zhang, Q. Wu, K.-H. Pwee and R.M. Kini (2003b) Interaction of wheat high-mobility-group proteins with four-way-junction DNA and characterization of the structure and expression of HMGA gene. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 409, 357–366.
- J. Zhao and G. Grafi (2000) The high mobility group I/Y protein is hypophosphorylated in endoreduplicating maize endosperm cells and is involved in alleviating histone H1-mediated transcriptional repression. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 27494–27499.
- K. Zhao, E. Käs, E. Gonzales and U.K. Laemmli (1993) SAR-dependent mobilization of histone H1 by HMGI/Y in vitro . The EMBO Journal 12, 3237–3247.
- X. Zhou, K.F. Benson, H.R. Ashar and K. Chada (1995) Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C. Nature 376, 771–774.
- J. Zlatanova, P. Caiafa and K. van Holde (2000) Linker histone binding and displacement: versatile mechanism for transcriptional regulation. The FASEB Journal 14, 1697–1704.
-
J. Zlatanova and K. van Holde (1998) Linker histones versus HMG1/2: a struggle for dominance?
Bioessays
20, 584–588.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199807)20:7<584::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-W CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Y. Zou and Y. Wang (2005) Tandem mass spectrometry for the examination of the posttranslational modifications of the high-mobility group A1 proteins: symmetric and asymmetric dimethylation of Arg25 in HMGA1a protein. Biochemistry 44, 6293–6301.
- S. Zwilling, H. König and T. Wirth (1995) High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors. The EMBO Journal 14, 1198–1208.
Browse other articles of this reference work:
