Chapter 57
Leishmaniasis
Bernardo Gontijo,
Carolina Talhari,
Bernardo Gontijo
Federal University of Minas Gerais Medical School, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorBernardo Gontijo,
Carolina Talhari,
Bernardo Gontijo
Federal University of Minas Gerais Medical School, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Peter Hoeger,
Veronica Kinsler,
Albert Yan,
John Harper,
Arnold Oranje,
Christine Bodemer,
Margarita Larralde,
David Luk, Vibhu Mendiratta,
Diana Purvis,
Peter Hoeger
Search for more papers by this authorVeronica Kinsler
Search for more papers by this authorAlbert Yan
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Harper
Search for more papers by this authorArnold Oranje
Search for more papers by this authorChristine Bodemer
Search for more papers by this authorMargarita Larralde
Search for more papers by this authorVibhu Mendiratta
Search for more papers by this authorDiana Purvis
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 20 November 2019
Summary
The leishmaniases are clinically heterogeneous vector-borne diseases caused by different species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania that may target the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs. The World Health Organization estimates that 350 million people are at risk worldwide and the number of people infected with leishmaniasis worldwide is estimated at 1.2 million. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is ranked as a category 1 emerging and uncontrolled disease. Climate change, increased tourism and work-related travel, uncontrolled urbanization, deforestation, and massive migration caused by civil conflict and war have changed the classic concept that it is a disease limited to tropical and subtropical areas. The severity may range from self-healing to a fatal outcome. Treatment is usually prolonged and toxic; new drugs are available.
References
- Savoia D. Recent updates and perspectives on leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015; 9: 588–96.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/en/ (accessed 22 January, 2019).
- de Vries HJ, Reedijk SH, Schallig HD. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2015; 16: 99–109.
- Savioli L, Velayudhan R. Small bite, big threat: World Health Day 2014. East Mediterr Health J 2014; 20: 217–18.
-
Lainson R, Shaw, JJ. New World leishmaniasis. In: Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
10.1002/9780470688618.taw0182 Google Scholar
- Handler MZ, Patel PA, Kapila R et al. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Clinical perspectives. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73: 897–908.
- Hart DT. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: a historical perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985; 79: 740–1.
-
Leishman WB. On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in India. Br Med J 1903; 1: 1252–4.
10.1136/bmj.1.2213.1252 Google Scholar
- Donovan C. On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in India. British Journal of Medicine 1903; 1: 79.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/en (accessed 19 February 2019).
- Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 2012; 7: e35671.
- Pace D. Leishmaniasis. J Infect 2014; 69 (suppl 1): S10–18.
- Kevric I, Cappel MA, Keeling JH. New World and Old World Leishmania infections: a practical review. Dermatol Clin 2015; 33: 579–93.
- Pavli A, Maltezou HC. Leishmaniasis, an emerging infection in travelers. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14: e1032–9.
- Lawn SD, Whetham J, Chiodini PL et al. New world mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging health problem among British travellers. QJM 2004; 97: 781–8.
- El Hajj L, Thellier M, Carriere J et al. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis imported into Paris: a review of 39 cases. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 120–5.
- Hayani K, Dandashli A, Weisshaar E. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: clinical features, current status and the effects of war. Acta Derm Venereol 2015; 95: 62–6.
- Stamm LV. Human migration and leishmaniasis-on the move. JAMA Dermatol 2016: 152: 373–4.
- Pasquau F, Ena J, Sanchez R et al. Leishmaniasis as an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients: determinants of relapse and mortality in a collaborative study of 228 episodes in a Mediterreanean region. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 411–18.
- Couppie P, Clyti E, Sobesky M et al. Comparative study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and non-HIV-infected patients in French Guiana. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 1165–71.
- Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1990; 793: 1–158.
- Mauricio IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA. The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitol Today 2000; 16: 188–9.
- Banuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol 2007; 64: 1–109.
- McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Leishmaniasis: clinical syndromes and treatment. QJM 2014; 107: 7–14.
- Zhang WW, Matlashewski G. Characterization of the A2-A2rel gene cluster in Leishmania donovani: involvement of A2 in visceralization during infection. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39: 935–48.
- Alexander J BF. T helper1/T helper2 cells and resistance/susceptibility to leishmania infection: is this paradigm still relevant? Front Immunol 2012; 3: 80.
- da Silva Santos C, Brodskyn CI. The role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Public Health 2014; 2: 165.
-
Bates PA, Ashford RW. Old World Leishmaniasis. In: Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
10.1002/9780470688618.taw0181 Google Scholar
- Schwartz E, Hatz C, Blum J. New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 342–9.
- Chouchene S, Braham N, Bouatay A et al. Anomalies hématologique au cours de la leishmaniose viscérale infantile. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22: 1107–11.
- ter Horst R, Collin SM, Ritmeijer K et al. Concordant HIV infection and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: the influence of antiretroviral treatment and other factors on outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 1702–9.
- Gontijo B, Ribeiro de Carvalho M de L. Leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36: 71–80.
- Machado-Coelho GL, Caiaffa WT, Genaro O et al. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99: 55–61.
- Sinha S, Fernandez G, Kapila R et al. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: 1263–70.
- Desjeux P, Ghosh RS, Dhalaria P et al. Report of the post-kalazar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) consortium meeting, New Delhi, India, 27–29 June 2012. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6: 196.
- Handler MZ, Patel PA, Kapila R et al. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential diagnosis, diagnosis, histopathology, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73: 911–26.
- Neuber H. Leishmaniasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008; 6: 754–65.
- Sundar S, Rai M. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 951–8.
- Elmahallawy EK, Sampedro Martinez A, Rodriguez-Granger J et al. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8: 961–72.
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Practical guide for specimen collection and reference diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/resources/pdf/cdc_diagnosis_guide_leishmaniasis_2016.pdf (accessed 19 February 2019).
- Gontijo B. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) no diagnóstico da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Belo Horizonte, MG. Brasil: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 1997.
- Neitzke-Abreu HC, Venazzi MS, Bernal MV et al. Detection of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia): accuracy of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e62473.
- Neves LO, Talhari AC, Gadelha EP et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing meglumine antimoniate, pentamidine and amphotericin B for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania guyanensis. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86: 1092–101.
- Lemrani M, Hamdi S, Laamrani A, Hassar M. PCR detection of Leishmania in skin biopsies. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3: 115–22.
- Santos TR, Carreira VS, Ferrari HF et al. Comparison of PCR with stained slides of bone marrow and lymph nodes aspirates with suspect diagnosis for leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2014; 140: 137–40.
- Benicio Ede A, Gadelha EP, Talhari A et al. Combining diagnostic procedures for the management of leishmaniasis in areas with high prevalence of Leishmania guyanensis. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86: 1141–4.
- Goto H, Lindoso JA. Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8: 419–33.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Control of leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2010; 949: xii–xiii, 1–186, back cover.
- Monge-Maillo B, Lopez-Velez R. Therapeutic options for visceral leishmaniasis. Drugs 2013; 73: 1863–88.
- Chrusciak-Talhari A, Dietze R, Chrusciak Talhari C et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial to access efficacy and safety of miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Manaus, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84: 255–60.
- Andersen EM, Cruz-Saldarriaga M, Llanos-Cuentas A et al. Comparison of meglumine antimoniate and pentamidine for peruvian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 72: 133–7.
- Sundar S, Chakravarty J, Agarwal D et al. Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in India. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 504–12.
- Jamil KM, Haque R, Rahman R et al. Effectiveness study of paromomycin IM injection (PMIM) for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9: e0004118.
- Gadelha EP, Talhari S, Guerra JA et al. Efficacy and safety of a single dose pentamidine (7mg/kg) for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. guyanensis: a pilot study. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 90: 807–13.
- Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP et al. Oral miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100(suppl 1): S26–33.
- Sundar S, Gupta LB, Makharia MK et al. Oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with miltefosine. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999; 93: 589–97.
- Soto J, Arana BA, Toledo J et al. Miltefosine for new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1266–72.
- Soto J, Toledo JT. Oral miltefosine to treat new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7: 7.
- Mohebali M, Fotouhi A, Hooshmand B et al. Comparison of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) by a randomized clinical trial in Iran. Acta Trop 2007; 103: 33–40.
- Soto J, Rojas E, Guzman M et al. Intralesional antimony for single lesions of bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 1255–60.
- Soto J, Hernandez N, Mejia H et al. Successful treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of topical paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride and injectable meglumine antimonate. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 47–51.
- Krause G, Kroeger A. Topical treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with paramomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride: a clinical study under field conditions in Ecuador. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88: 92–4.
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for International Travel 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/table-of-contents (accessed 22 January 2019].
