Self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) offers interesting perspectives for producing well-defined nanometric structures. The tremendous potentiality of these soft matter systems to the area of chemistry, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology has motivated a broad interest among the scientific community in less than a decade. In this presentation, experimental evidences of self-assembled structures of different surfactant molecules in ILs are presented. We draw analogies between the self-assembly and mesophase morphologies adopted by the amphiphilic nanoaggregates in ILs compared to those usually found in conventional polar and nonpolar media. Some important differences between RTILs and molecular solvents, in respect of the ability to promote self-assembly through solvophobic interactions of surfactant hydrocarbon chains, are pointed out. Finally, the general pattern of the phase behavior, properties, and microstructure of microemulsions is reported for ternary water–RTIL–amphiphile systems. The investigation confirms the presence of an extended bicontinuous microemulsion. The data are discussed in the light of studies carried out on traditional water–oil microemulsions and recently investigated RTIL–oil microemulsions.