Chapter 15
Healing of Large Dentofacial Defects
George K.B. Sándor,
Robert P. Carmichael, Leena P. Ylikontiola,
Ahmed Jan,
Marc G. DuVal,
Cameron M.L. Clokie,
George K.B. Sándor
Regea Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorLeena P. Ylikontiola
Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Jan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMarc G. DuVal
Graduate Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge K.B. Sándor,
Robert P. Carmichael, Leena P. Ylikontiola,
Ahmed Jan,
Marc G. DuVal,
Cameron M.L. Clokie,
George K.B. Sándor
Regea Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorLeena P. Ylikontiola
Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorAhmed Jan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMarc G. DuVal
Graduate Program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Hannu Larjava,
Hannu Larjava
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
The Need for Bone
-
Bone Healing
-
Surgical Maneuvers to Induce and Promote Healing of Large Defects
-
Specifically Difficult Wounds
-
Conclusions
-
References
References
- Banerjee AR, Murty GE, Moir AA. (1996). Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: a distinct clinicopathological entity. J Laryngol Otol 110(1), 81–86.
- Barr T, Carmichael NM, Sándor GKB. (2008). Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a chronic pediatric musculoskeletal condition with significant dental manifestations. J Can Dent Assoc 74(9), 813–821.
- Bauer SM, Bauer RJ, Velazquez OC. (2005). Angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and induction of healing in chronic wounds. Vasc Endovascular Surg 39(4), 293–306.
- Beaumont M, Du Val MG, Loai Y, Farhat WA, Sándor GKB, Cheng HLM. (2010). Monitoring angiogenesis in soft-tissue engineered constructs for calvarium bone regeneration: an in-vivo longitudinal DCE-MRI study. Nuclear Med Reson Biomed 23(1), 48–55.
- Belser, U, Buser D, Higgenbottom F. (2004). Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding esthetics in implant dentistry. Proceedings of Third ITI Consensus Conference, Gstaad, Switzerland.. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 19(Suppl), 73–74.
- Bornstein MM, Chappuis V, von Arx T, Buser D. (2008). Performance of dental implants after staged sinus floor elevation procedures: 5-year results of a prospective study in partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 19, 1034–1043.
- Bourque WT, Gross M, Hall BK. (1992). A reproducible method for producing and quantifying the stages of fracture repair. Lab Anim Sci 42(4), 369–374.
- Broussard CL. (2003). Hyperbaric oxygenation and wound healing. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 30(4), 210–216.
- Burchadt H. (1983). The biology of bone graft repair. Clin Orthop 174(1), 28–36.
- Byrne AM, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Harmey JH. (2005). Angiogenic and cell survival functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). J Cell Mol Med 9(4), 777–794.
- Canalis E, McCarthy T, Centrella M. (1988). Growth factors and the regulation of bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 81(2), 277–81.
- Carmichael RP, Sándor GK. (2008). Use of dental implants in the management of cleft lip and palate. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Clin N Am, 16(1), 61–82.
- Carmichael RP, Sándor GK, Bilko S, Riquelme C. (2008). Reconstruction of an ablative defect of the mandible in a young man using lateral soft tissue matrix expansion grafting and a novel technique for construction of a retrievable fixed prosthesis. Forum Implantol 4(1), 12–25.
- Chattar-Cora D, Tulsyan N, Cudjoe EA, Onime GD, Pyo DJ, Weinstein L. (2002). Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: a report of two patients and review. Head Neck 24(5), 497–501.
- Chin M, Toth BA. (1996). Distraction osteogenesis in maxillofacial surgery using internal devices. Review of five cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54, 45–53.
- Clarizio LF. (2002). Vertical alveolar distraction versus bone grafting for implant cases: the clinical issues. In: OT Jensen (ed.) Alveolar Distraction Osteogenesis. Quintessence, Chicago, pp. 59–68.
- Clokie CM, Bell RC. (2003). Human transforming growth factor B-1 and its effects on osseointegration. J Craniofac Surg 14(3), 268–277.
- Clokie CM, Sándor GK. (2008). Reconstruction of 10 major mandibular defects using bioimplants containing BMP-7. J Can Dent Assoc 74(1), 67–72.
- Clokie CM, Moghadam H, Jackson MT, Sándor GK. (2002). Closure of critical sized defects with allogenic and alloplastic bone substitutes. J Craniofac Surg 13(1), 111–121.
- Dale RA, Hoffman DS, Crichton RO, Johnson SB. (1999). Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: review of the literature and report of a case. Spec Care Dentist 19(6), 267–274.
- Danis R. (1949). Theorie et pratique de l'osteosynthese. Lib Acad Med, 76, 409–429.
- Deckers M, Karperien M. (2000). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors during osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 141(5), 1667–1674.
- Dragoo JL, Choi JY, Lieberman JR, et al. (2003). Bone induction by BMP-2 transduced stem cells derived from human fat. J Orthop Res 21(4), 622–629.
- Ducy P, Zhang R, Geoffroy V, Ridall AL, Karsenty G. (1997). Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Cell 89(4), 747–754.
- Du Val MG, Davidson S, Ho A, et al. (2007). Albright's hereditary osteodystrophyt with extensive heterotrophic ossification of the oral and maxillofacial region: how fetuin research may help a seemingly impossible condition. J Can Dent Assoc, 73(9), 845–850.
- Emad B. (2006). Vascular endothelial growth factor augments the healing of demineralized bone matrix grafts. Int J Surg 4(3), 160–166.
- Engsig MT, Chen QJ, Vu TH, et al. (2000). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones. J Cell Biol 151(4), 879–889.
- Ewers R. (2005). Maxilla sinus grafting with marine algae derived bone forming material: a clinical report of long-term results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63, 1712–1723.
- Feinerman IL, Tan HK, Roberson DW, Malley R, Kenna MA. (1999). Necrotizing fasciitis of the pharynx following adenotonsillectomy. Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol 48, 1–7.
- Fenton C, Nish IA, Carmichael RP, Sándor GKB. (2007). Metatastatic mandibular retinoblastoma in a child reconstructed with soft tissue matrix expansion grafting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65(11), 2329–2335.
- Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. (2003). The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 9(6), 669–676.
- Fok, TCO, Jan A, Peel SA, Clokie CML, Sándor GK. (2008) Hyperbaric oxygen results in an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression in rabbit calvarial critical sized defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol, 105(4), 417–422.
- Fugazzotto PA, Vlassis J. (1998). Long-term success of sinus augmentation using various surgical approaches and grafting materials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 13, 52–58.
- Gimble JM, Zvonic S, Floyd ZE, Kassem M, Nuttall M. (2006). Playing with bone and fat. J Cell Biochem 98(2), 251–266.
- Glowacki J. (1998). Angiogenesis in fracture repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 355(Suppl), S82–89.
- Grinnemo KH, Syven C, Hovatta O, Dellgren G, Corbascio M. (2008) Immunogenicity of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 331(1), 67–68.
- Hadfield PJ, Motamed M, Glover GW. (1996). Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis resulting from peri-tonsillar abscess. J Laryngolol Otol 110(9), 887–890.
- Hu Z, Peel SA, Ho SK, Sándor GK, Clokie CM. (2005). Role of bovine bone morphogenetic proteins in bone matrix protein and osteoblast-related gene expression during rat bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. J Craniofac Surg 16(6), 1006–1014.
- Hu Z, Peel SA, Ho SK, Sándor GK, Clokie CM. (2009a). Comparison of platelet-rich plasma, bovine BMP, and rhBMP-4 on bone matrix protein expression in vitro. Growth Factors, 27(2), 280–289.
- Hu Z, Peel SA, Ho SK, Sándor GK, Clokie CM. (2009b). Platelet-rich plasma induces MRNA expression of VEGF and PDGF in rat bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont 107(1), 43–48.
- Humber C, Sándor GK, Davis JM, et al. (2010). Bone healing with an in situ formed bioresorbable PEG membrane in rabbit calvarial defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont 109(3), 372–384.
- Jan A, Sándor GK, Iera D, Mhawi, A, Peel SA, Clokie CM. (2006). Hyperbaric oxygen results in an increase in rabbit calvarial critical-sized defects. Oral Surg Oral Med, Oral Pathol, Oral Radiol Endodont 101(2), 144–149.
- Jan A, Sándor GK, Brkovic BMB, Peel SA, Evans AW, Clokie CM. (2009). Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on grafted and non-grafted calvarial critical-sized defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont 107(2), 157–163.
-
Jan A, Sándor GKB, Brkovic BMB, et al. (2010). Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on demineralized bone matrix and biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitutes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont 109(1), 60–67.
10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.036 Google Scholar
- Jensen OT. (1999). Treatment planning for sinus grafts. In: OT Jensen (ed.) The Sinus Bone Graft. Quintessence, Carol Stream, Illinois, pp. 49–68.
- Jurisic M, Markovic A, Radulovic M, Brkovic BMB, Sándor GKB. (2008). Maxillary sinus floor augmentation: comparing osteotome with lateral window immediate and delayed implant placements. An interim report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 106, 820–827.
- Kahnberg KE, Ekestubbe A, Grondahl K. (2001). Sinus lifting procedure – I. One-stage surgery with bone and implants. Clin Oral Implant Res 12, 479–485.
- Kainulainen VT, Lindholm TC, Sándor GKB. (2003). Resorboituneen alaleuan rekonstruktio “telttakeppi” tekniikalla. (Reconstruction of an extremely resorbed mandible by the “tent pole” procedure). Suomen Hammaslääkärilehti (Finnish Dental Journal) 12, 591–597.
- Kleinheinz J. (2005). VEGF-activated angiogenesis during bone regeneration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63(9), 1310–1316.
- Kudyba PS Jr, Loetscher CA, Perciaccante VJ, Jones CT, Cantrell JH. (2006). The fabrication and use of an extraoral surgical guide for implant placement coincident with soft tissue matrix expansion grafts: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 96(4), 227–232.
- Lindfors LT, Tervonen EA, Sándor GKB, Ylikontiola LP. (2010). Guided bone regeneration using a titanium-reinforced ePTFE-membrane and particulate autogenous bone: the effect of smoking and membrane exposure. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodont April 8 (Epub).
-
Lindholm TC, Peel SAF, Clokie CML, Sándor GKB. (2003). Cortical bone grafts used to culture bone cells to be used for increasing efficacy of bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineered bone substitutes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61(8)(Suppl 1), 74.
10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00591-3 Google Scholar
- Llewellyn CD, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KA. (2001). Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people – a comprehensive literature review. Oral Oncol 37, 401–418.
- Mandracchia VJ, Nelson SC, Barp EA. (2001). Current concepts of bone healing. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 18(1), 55–77.
- Marioni G, Bottin R, Tregnaghi A, Boninsegna M, Staffieri A. (2003). Craniocervical necrotizing fasciitis secondary to parotid gland abscess. Acta Oto-Laryngol 123(6), 737–740.
- Marx R, Carlson E, Eichstaedt R, Schimmele S, Strauss J, Georgeff K. (1998). Platelet rich plasma growth factor enhancement for bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85(6), 638–646.
- Marx R, Shellenberger T, Wimsatt J, Correa P. (2002). Severely resorbed mandible: predictable reconstruction with soft tissue matrix expansion (tent pole) grafts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60, 878–88.
-
McGuire TP, Sándor GKB, Clokie CML. (2003). Advanced mandibular resorption: reliable reconstruction with autogenous graft tent pole technique. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61(Suppl 1), 74.
10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00592-5 Google Scholar
- Mesimäki k, Lindroos B, Törnwall J, et al. (2009). Novel maxillary reconstruction with ectopic bone formation by GMP adipose stem cells. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38(3), 201–209.
- Midy V, Plouet J. (1994). Vasculotropin/vascular endothelial growth factor induces differentiation in cultured osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 199(1), 380–386.
- Moghadam HG, Urist MR, Sándor GK, Clokie CM. (2001). Successful mandibular reconstruction using a BMP bioimplant. J Craniofacial Surg 12(2), 119–127.
- Moghadam HG, Sándor GK, Holmes HI, Clokie CM. (2004). Histomorphometric evaluation of bone regeneration using allogeneic and alloplastic bone substitutes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62(2), 202–213.
- Mohammedi I, Ceruse P, Duperret S, Vedrinne J-M, Bouletreau P. (1999). Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: 10 years' experience at a single institution. Intens Care Med 25, 829–834.
- Niida S, Kaku M, Amano H, et al. (1999). Vascular endothelial growth factor can substitute for macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the support of osteoclastic bone resorption. J Exp Med 190(2), 293–298.
- Raboso E, Llavero MT, Rosell A, Martinez-Vidal A. (1998). Craniofacial necrotizing fasciitis secondary to sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 112(4), 371–372.
- Sándor GK, Carmichael RP. (2008). Rehabilitation of trauma using dental implants. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Clin N Am, 16(1), 83–105.
- Sándor GK, Suuronen R. (2008) Combining adipose-derived stem cells, resorbable scaffolds and growth factors: an overview of tissue engineering. J Can Dent Assoc, 74(2), 167–170.
- Sándor GK, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo W, Carmichael RP, Nish IA, Daskalogiannakis J. (2005). Midfacial distraction osteogenesis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Am 17, 485–501.
- Sándor GK, Carmichael RP, Binahmed A. (2008). Reconstruction of ablative defects using dental implants. Dental implants in children, adolescents and young adults. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Clin N Am 16(1): 107–123.
- Sándor GK, Carmichael RP, Brkovic BM. (2010). Dental implants placed into alveolar clefts reconstructed with bone grafts and tongue flaps. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol, 109(2), e1–e7.
- Sándor GK, Lam DK, Ylikontiola LP, Kainulainen V, Oikarinen K, Clokie CM. (2011). Autogenous bone harvesting techniques. In: KE Kahnberg, L Anderson, A Pogrel (eds) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Blackwell Munksgaard, Oxford, pp. 383–403.
- Schilephake H. (2002). Bone growth factors in maxillofacial skeletal reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31(5), 469–484.
- Schmitt JM, Hwang K, Winn SR, Hollinger JO. (1999). Bone morphogenetic proteins: an update on basic biology and clinical relevance. J Orthop Res 17(3), 269–278.
- Sheikh AY, Gibson JJ, Rollins MD, Hopf HW, Hussain Z, Hunt TK. (2000). Effect of hyperoxia on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in a wound model. Arch Surg 135(11), 1293–1297.
- Shindo ML, Nalbone VP, Dougherty WR. (1997). Necrotizing fasciitis of the face. Laryngoscope 107(8), 1071–1079.
- Simion M, Jovanovic SA, Tinti C, Benfenati SP. (2001). Long-term evaluation of osseointegrated implants inserted at the time or after vertical ridge augmentation. A retrospective study on 123 implants with 1–5 year follow-up. Clin Oral Implant Res 12, 35–45.
- Simmons D. (1980). Fracture healing. In: MR Urist (ed.) Fundamental and Clinical Bone Physiology. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 283–330.
- Sipola A, Ilvesaro J, Birr E, et al. (2007). Endostatin inhibits endochondral ossification. J Gene Med 9(2), 1057–1064.
- Skitarelic N, Mladina R, Matulic Z, Kovacic M. (1999). Necrotizing fasciitis after peritonsillar abscess in an immunocompetent patient. J Laryngol Otol 113(8), 759–761.
- Stoykewych AA, Beecroft WA, Cogan AG. (1992). Fatal necrotizing fasciitis of dental origin. J Can Dent Assoc 58, 59–62.
-
Street J, Winter D, Wang JH, Wakai A, McGuinness A, Redmond HP. (2000). Is human fracture hematoma inherently angiogenic? Clin Orthop Relat Res 378(9), 224–237.
10.1097/00003086-200009000-00033 Google Scholar
- Stucki-McCormick S, Moses JL, Robinson R, Laster Z, Mommaerts MY, Jensen OT. (2002). Alveolar distraction devices. In: OT Jensen (ed.) Alveolar Distraction Osteogenesis. Quintessence, Chicago, pp. 41–58.
- Summers RB. (1994). A new concept in maxillary implant surgery: the osteotome technique. Compend Cont Educ Dent 15, 152–160.
- Suuronen R, Asikainen A. (2004). Biodegradable materials as tools to fasten bone in face and jaw surgery. Duodecim 120(16), 2002–2007.
- Tarkka T, Sipola A, Jämsä T, et al. (2003). Adenoviral VEGF-A gene transfer induces angiogenesis and promotes bone formation in healing osseous tissue. J Gene Med 5(4), 560–566.
- Tatsuyama K, Maezawa Y, Baba H, Imamura Y, Fukuda M. (2000). Expression of various growth factors for cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation during fracture repair of bone. Eur J Histochem 44(3), 269–278.
- Thompson L, Castle J, Heffner DK. (1999). Oral squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 88, 204.
- Tirkkonen L, Halonen H, Hyttinen J, Kuokkanen H, Sievänen H, Koivisto A-M, Mannerström B, Sándor GK, Suuronen R, Miettinen S, Haimi S (2011). The effects of vibration loading on adipose stem cell number, viability and differentiation towards bone-forming cells. J Royal Society Interface 8(65), 1736–1747.
- Umeda M, Minamikawa T, Komatsubara H, Shibuya Y, Yokoo S, Komori T. (2003). Necrotizing fasciitis caused by dental infection: a retrospective analysis of 9 cases and a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol andEndodontol 95(3), 283–290.
- Urist MR, DeLange RJ, Finerman GA. (1983). Bone cell differentiation and growth factors. Science 220(4598), 680–686.
- Warnke PH, Coren AJ. (2003). First experiences with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (osteogenic protein 1) in a human case in maxillofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 111(10), 2471–2472.
- Wozney JM, Lynch SE, Genco RJ, Marx RE. (1999). Biology and Clinical Application of rhBMP-2: Tissue Engineering: Applications for Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontics. Quintessence, Chicago, pp. 103–123.
- Yeh LC, Lee JC. (1999). Osteogenic protein-1 increases gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 153(1–2), 113–124.
