This chapter offers an introduction to paleography and manuscript studies by explaining the different steps in the making of manuscripts as well as in working with these sources. Moreover, it will specifically focus on the transmission of scientific texts and describe how textual and visual arguments are structured in manuscripts. Ancient scientific treatises have been transmitted and interpreted in different contexts over time. Therefore, the text and diagrams contained in different manuscript traditions convey important information about the frameworks in which these texts were transmitted to us and shed light on the processes of appropriation and transformation of scientific knowledge.