This chapter investigates the history of the study of Roman technology and the reasons behind the “stagnation” theory that developed during the twentieth century. It then presents some of the more recent concepts and frameworks used to expose methodological flaws inherent in the “stagnation” theory. Topics include harnessing of draft animals, plow types, watermills, mining, and cranks and the production of reciprocal linear motion. Thereafter, the focus is on the archaeological evidence revealing ways in which the people in the provinces of the Roman Empire introduced new applications of previously known devices, new production techniques, and new organizational methods. Discussions include terracotta and glass production, stone quarrying, harbor building, bath heating techniques, and vaulted construction.