Chapter 32
The Human Intestinal Microbiota and Microbiome
Book Editor(s):Daniel K. Podolsky MD,
Michael Camilleri MD,
J. Gregory Fitz MD FAASLD,
Anthony N. Kalloo MD,
Fergus Shanahan MD,
Timothy C. Wang MD,
Daniel K. Podolsky MD
President, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Camilleri MD
Executive Dean for Development, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor, Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Distinguished Investigator, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Gregory Fitz MD FAASLD
Executive Vice President for Academic Aff airs and Provost, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dean, Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony N. Kalloo MD
Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Director, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFergus Shanahan MD
Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine, Director, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
Search for more papers by this authorTimothy C. Wang MD
Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 27 November 2015
Summary
The microbiota has a major impact on health through interactions with host cells (including components of the innate and adaptive immune systems), through extraction of nutrients and energy from the diet, and through complex biotransformations (e.g., detoxification) of a variety of ingested compounds, including potential carcinogens. To date, two major projects have characterized the healthy human gut microbiota on a large scale: the Metagenomics for the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) consortium (primarily European and Chinese partners) and the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) consortium. Many diseases associated with an altered gut microbiota are also related to host genetic factors, which have been shown independently to alter the microbiota. One of the best examples of this is Crohn's disease. Variants in genes associated with the adaptive immune system have also been implicated in human disease, and these may play a role in shaping the microbiome.
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