Abstract
Subextraction is the phenomenon that occurs when a constituent is moved out of a larger phrase in which it is embedded. The question arises of when subextraction is possible and when it is not. Furthermore, the question of what accounts for the (im)possibility of subextraction should be answered. These questions are addressed for the nominal domain. Issues that are discussed include the (im)possibility of subextraction of left branch constituents, the (im)possibility of subextraction of right branch constituents, cross-linguistic variation in subextraction behavior, and the role that the syntactic position of the noun phrase plays for subextraction.
References
- Abels, Klaus. 2003. “ Successive Cyclicity, Anti-Locality, and Adposition Stranding.” PhD diss., University of Connecticut.
-
Abels, Klaus. 2012. Phases: An Essay on Cyclicity in Syntax. Berlin: De Gruyter.
10.1515/9783110284225 Google Scholar
- Abney, Steven. 1987. “ The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Babyonyshev, Maria. 1998. “The Possessive Construction in Russian: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective.” Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 5: 193–234.
- Bach, Emmon, and George M. Horn. 1976. “Remarks on ‘Conditions on Transformations’.” Linguistic Inquiry, 7: 265–299.
- Beermann, Dorothee. 1997. “ Syntactic Discontinuity and Predicate Formation.” PhD diss., Tilburg University.
- Bennis, Hans. 1983. “ A Case of Restructuring.” In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1983, edited by Hans Bennis and W. U. S. Lessen Kloeke, 9–20. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Bennis, Hans. 1995. “ The Meaning of Structure: The Wat Voor Construction Revisited.” In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995, edited by Marcel Dikken and Kees Hengeveld, 25–37. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
-
Bennis, Hans, Norbert Corver, and Marcel den Dikken. 1998. “Predication in Nominal Phrases.” Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics, 1: 85–117.
10.1023/A:1009780124314 Google Scholar
- Besten, Hans den. 1981. “ Government, syntaktische Struktur und Kasus.” In Sprache: Formen und Strukturen. Akten des 15. Linguistischen Kolloquiums, Münster, 1980, edited by Manfred Kohrt and Jürgen Lenerz, 97–107.
-
Besten, Hans den. 1985. “ The Ergative Hypothesis and Free Word Order in Dutch and German.” In Studies in German Grammar, edited by Jindrich Toman, 23–62. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110882711-004 Google Scholar
-
Boeckx, Cedric. 2003. Islands and Chains: Resumption as Stranding. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.63 Google Scholar
- Boeckx, Cedric. 2008a. Understanding Minimalist Syntax: Lessons from Locality in Long-Distance Dependencies. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Boeckx, Cedric. 2008b. Bare Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Børjärs, Kersti. 1992. “ D Selecting a PP-Complement in Germanic Languages.” In Papers from the Workshop on the Scandinavian Noun Phrase, edited by Anders Holmberg, 1–19.
- Borsley, Robert, and Ewa Jaworska. 1988. “A Note on Prepositions and Case Marking in Polish.” Linguistic Inquiry, 19: 685–691.
- Bošković, Željko, 1994. “D-Structure, θ-Criterion, and Movement into θ-Positions.” Linguistic Analysis, 24: 247–286.
- Bošković, Željko. 2005a. “On the Locality of Left Branch Extraction and the Structure of NP.” Studia Linguistica, 59: 1–45.
- Bošković, Željko. 2005b. “ Left Branch Extraction, Structure of NP, and Scrambling.” In The Free Word Order Phenomenon: Its Syntactic Sources and Diversity, edited by Joachim Sabel and Mamoru Saito, 13–73. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Bošković, Željko. 2007. “On the Locality and Motivation of Move and Agree: An Even More Minimal Theory.” Linguistic Inquiry, 38: 589–644.
- Bošković, Željko. 2008a. “More on the No-DP Analysis of Article-less Languages.” Studia Linguistica, 63: 187–203.
- Bošković, Željko. 2008b. “What Will You Have, DP or NP?” In Proceedings of NELS 37, edited by Emily Elfner and Martin Malkow, 1: 101–114.
- Bowers, John. 1987. “Extended X-Bar Theory, the ECP, and the Left Branch Condition.” Proceedings of WCCFL, 6: 47–62.
- Bracco, Claudio. 1980. “On the Island Character of Italian Quanto Comparatives.” Journal of Italian Linguistics, 1: 19–46.
- Bresnan, Joan. 1976. “On the Form and Functioning of Transformations.” Linguistic Inquiry, 7: 3–40.
- Broekhuis, Hans. 2005. “ Extraction from Subjects: Some Remarks on Chomsky's On Phases .” In Organizing Grammar: Linguistic Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk, edited by Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Corver, Riny Huybregts, et al., 59–68. Berlin: De Gruyter.
-
Chierchia, Gennaro. 1998. “Reference to Kinds across Languages.” Natural Language Semantics, 6: 339–405.
10.1023/A:1008324218506 Google Scholar
- Chomsky, Noam. 1964. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. The Hague: De Gruyter.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1970. “ Remarks on Nominalization.” In Readings in Transformational Grammar, edited by Roderick A. Jacobs and Peter S. Rosenbaum, 184–221. Waltham, MA: Ginn.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1973. “ Conditions on Transformations.” In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, edited by Stephen Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232–286. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1977. “ On Wh-Movement.” In Formal Syntax, edited by Peter Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 71–132. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1980. “On Binding.” Linguistic Inquiry, 11: 1–46.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1993. “ A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory.” In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, edited by Kenneth Hale and Samuel J. Keyser, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 2000. “ Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework.” In Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, edited by Roger Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. “ Derivation by Phase.” In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, edited by Michael Kenstowicz, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.7551/mitpress/4056.003.0004 Google Scholar
- Chomsky, Noam. 2008. “ On Phases.” In Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, edited by Robert Freidin, Carlos Peregrín Otero, and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Cinque, Guglielmo. 1980. “On Extraction from NP in Italian.” Journal of Italian Linguistics, 5: 47–99.
-
Citko, Barbara. 2006. “The Interaction between Across-the-Board Wh-Movement and Left Branch Extraction.” Syntax, 9: 225–247.
10.1111/j.1467-9612.2006.00092.x Google Scholar
- Corver, Norbert. 1990. “ The Syntax of Left Branch Extractions.” PhD diss., Tilburg University.
- Corver, Norbert. 1991. “The Internal Syntax and Movement Behavior of the Dutch wat voor-Construction.” Linguistische Berichte, 133: 190–228.
- Corver, Norbert. 1992. “On Deriving Certain Left Branch Extraction Asymmetries: A Case Study in Parametric Syntax.” In Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 22, edited by Kimberley Broderick, 67–84.
- Corver, Norbert. 1997a. “The Internal Syntax of the Dutch Extended Adjectival Projection.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 15: 289–368.
- Corver, Norbert. 1997b. “ Much-Support as a Last Resort.” Linguistic Inquiry, 28: 119–164.
- Corver, Norbert. 2000. “Degree Adverbs as Displaced Predicates.” Journal of Italian Linguistics, 12: 155–191.
-
Corver, Norbert. 2013. “ Lexical Categories and (Extended) Projection.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax, edited by Marcel Dikken, 353–424. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511804571.015 Google Scholar
-
Corver, Norbert, and Marjo van Koppen. 2011. “ Micro-Diversity in Dutch Interrogative DPs: A Case Study on the (Dis)Continuous wat voor ‘n N-Construction.” In The Noun Phrase in Romance and Germanic: Structure, Variation and Change, edited by Petra Sleeman and Harry Perridon, 57–87. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.171.06cor Google Scholar
- Culicover, Peter, and Michael Rochemont. 1992. “Adjunct Extraction from NP and the ECP.” Linguistic Inquiry, 23: 496–501.
- Dikken, Marcel den. 2006. Relators and Linkers: The Syntax of Predication, Predicate Inversion, and Copulas. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Dikken, Marcel den. 2010. “ On the Functional Structure of Locative and Directional PPs
.” In Cartography of Linguistic Structures, edited by Guglielmo Cinque and Luigi Rizzi, 6: 74–126. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393675.003.0003 Google Scholar
- Emonds, Joseph. 1976. A Transformational Approach to English Syntax: Root, Structure-Preserving and Local Transformations. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Emonds, Joseph. 1980. “Word Order in Generative Grammar.” Journal of Linguistic Research, 1: 33–54.
- Emonds, Joseph. 1985. A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Engelhardt, Miriam, and Helen Trugman. 1998. “ D as a Source of Adnominal Genitive in Russian.” In Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics 7, edited by Željko Bošković, Steven Franks, and William Snyder, 114–133. Ann Arbor, MI: Slavic Publications.
-
Fanselow, Gisbert, and Damir Ćavar. 2002. “ Distributed Deletion.” In Theoretical Approaches to Universals, edited by Artemis Alexiadou, 65–107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.49.05fan Google Scholar
- Fowler, George, and Steven Franks. 1994. “The Structure of DP in Bulgarian.” Indiana Linguistic Studies, 7: 58–68.
- Franks, Steven, and Ljiljana Progovac. 1994. “On the Placement of Serbo-Croatian Clitics.” Indiana Linguistic Studies, 7: 69–78.
- Fukui, Naomi. 1986. “ A Theory of Category Projection and Its Applications.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Gavruseva, Elena. 2000. “On the Syntax of Possessor Extraction.” Lingua, 110: 743–772.
-
Gavruseva, Elena, and Rosalind Thornton. 2001. “Getting it Right: Acquisition of Whose-Questions in Child English.” Language Acquisition, 9: 229–267.
10.1207/S15327817LA0903_2 Google Scholar
- Giorgi, Alessandra, and Giuseppe Longobardi. 1991. The Syntax of Noun Phrases: Configuration, Parameters, and Empty Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Grimshaw, Jane. 1991. “ Extended Projections.” MS, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA (published in Grimshaw, J. 2005. Words and Structure. Stanford, CA: CSLI).
- Grimshaw, Jane. 1997. “Projection, Heads and Optimality.” Linguistic Inquiry, 28: 373–422.
-
Grohmann, Kleanthes. 2003. Prolific Domains: On the Anti-Locality of Movement Dependencies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.66 Google Scholar
- Grosu, Alexander. 1974. “On the Nature of the Left Branch Condition.” Linguistic Inquiry, 5: 308–319.
- Haan, Germen de. 1979. Conditions on Rules. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Halle, Morris, and Alec Marantz. 1993. “ Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of lnflection.” In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, edited by Ken Hale and Samuel J. Keyser, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Hoekstra, Teun. 1984. Transitivity. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783112327241 Google Scholar
-
Hoekstra, Teun, and Peter Jordens. 1994. “ From Adjunct to Head.” In Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, edited by Teun Hoekstra and Bonnie Schwartz, 119–149. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/lald.8.08hoe Google Scholar
- Honcoop, Martin. 1998. “ Dynamic Excursions on Weak Islands.” PhD diss., Leiden University.
- Horn, George. 1974. “ The Noun Phrase Constraint.” PhD diss., Amherst, University of Massachusetts.
- Horn, George. 1978. Toward a More Adequate Definition of the Notion of Transformation. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.
-
Horn, George. 1983. Lexical-Functional Grammar. Berlin: De Gruyter.
10.1515/9783110838695 Google Scholar
- Horrocks, Geoffrey, and Melita Stavrou. 1987. “Bounding Theory and Greek Syntax: Evidence from Wh-Movement in NP.” Journal of Linguistics, 23: 79–108.
- Huang, Cheng-Teh James. 1982. “ Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Jackendoff, Ray. 1977. X′ Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Kampen, Jacqueline van. 1994. “ The Learnability of the Left-Branch Condition.” In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1994, edited by Reineke Bok-Bennema and Crit Cremers, 83–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kampen, Jacqueline van. 1997. “ First Steps in Wh-Movement.” PhD diss., Utrecht University.
- Kayne, Richard. 1981. “ECP Extensions.” Linguistic Inquiry, 12: 93–133.
- Kayne, Richard. 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Kayne, Richard. 2002. “On Some Prepositions that Look DP-Internal: English of and French de.” Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 1: 71–115 (also in Kayne, R. S. 2005. Movement and Silence. Oxford: Oxford University Press).
10.5565/rev/catjl.56 Google Scholar
- Kennedy, Christopher, and Jason Merchant. 2000. “Attributive Comparative Deletion.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 18: 89–146.
-
Koopman, Hilda. 2000. “ Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions, and Particles.” In The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads, edited by Hilda Koopman, 204–260. Routledge: London.
10.4324/9780203171608 Google Scholar
-
Koster, Jan. 1978. Locality Principles in Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110882339 Google Scholar
-
Koster, Jan. 1987. Domains and Dynasties. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110808520 Google Scholar
- Larson, Richard. 1991. “ The Projection of DP (and DegP).” MS, SUNY, Stony Brook (published in Larson, Richard (ed.). 2010. Essays on Shell Structure. London: Routledge, 427–480).
-
Leko, N.
1999. “ Functional Categories and the DP in Bosnian.” In Topics in South Slavic Syntax and Semantics, edited by Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova and Lars Hellan, 229–252. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/cilt.172.11lek Google Scholar
-
Leu, Thomas. 2008a. “‘What for’ Internally.” Syntax, 11: 1–25.
10.1111/j.1467-9612.2008.00113.x Google Scholar
- Leu, Thomas. 2008b. “ The Internal Syntax of Determiners.” PhD diss., New York University.
- Lie, Sven. 1982. “ Discontinuous Questions and Subjacency in Norwegian.” In Readings on Unbounded Dependencies in Scandinavian Languages, edited by Elisabet Engdahl and Eva Ejerhed, 193–203. Umeå: Acta Universitatis Umensis.
- Longobardi, Giuseppe. 1994. “Reference and Proper Names: A Theory of N-Movement in Syntax and Logical Form.” Linguistic Inquiry, 25: 609–665.
- Marelj, Maijana. 2011. “Bound-Variable Anaphora and Left Branch Condition.” Syntax, 14: 205–229.
- May, Robert. 1977. “ The Grammar of Quantification.” PhD diss., MIT.
- McGinnis, Martha. 1995. “Fission as Feature Movement.” In Papers on Minimalist Syntax: MITWPL 27, edited by Robert Pensalfini and Hiroyuli Ura, 165–187.
-
Obenauer, Hans-Georg. 1976. Études de syntaxe interrogative du français. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
10.1515/9783111340364 Google Scholar
- Obenauer, Hans-Georg. 1984. “On the Identification of Empty Categories.” Linguistic Review, 4: 153–202.
- Pafel, Jürgen. 1996. “Die syntaktische und semantische Struktur von was für Phrasen.” Linguistische Berichte, 161: 37–67.
- Pereltsvaig, Asya. 2007. “On the Universality of DP: A View from Russian.” Studia Linguistica, 61: 59–94.
- Postma, Gert-Jan. 1994. “ The Indefinite Reading of Wh .” In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1994, edited by Reineke Bok-Bennema and Crit Cremers, 187–198. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Postma, Gert-Jan. 1995. “ Zero Semantics: The Semantic Encoding of Quantificational Meaning.” In Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995, edited by Marcel Dikken and Kees Hengeveld, 175–190. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Progovac, Ljiljana. 1998. “Determiner Phrase in a Language without Determiners.” Journal of Linguistics, 34: 165–179.
- Rappaport, Gilbert C. 2000. “Extraction from Nominal Phrases in Polish and the Theory of Determiners.” Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 8: 159–198.
- Riemsdijk, Henk van. 1978. A Case Study in Syntactic Markedness: The Binding Nature of Prepositonal Phrases. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Riemsdijk, Henk van. 2005. “ Silent Nouns and the Spurious Indefinite Article in Dutch.” In Grammar and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Lars Hellan, edited by Mila Vulchanova and Tor A. Åfarli, 163–178. Oslo: Novus Press.
- Rivero, Maria Luisa. 1980. “Theoretical Implications of the Syntax of Left-Branch Modifiers in Spanish.” Linguistic Analysis, 6: 407–461.
-
Rizzi, Luigi. 1982. “ Violations of the Wh-Island Constraint in Italian and the Subjacency Condition.” In Issues in Italian Syntax, edited by Luigi Rizzi, 49–76. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110883718 Google Scholar
- Rizzi, Luigi. 1990. Relativized Minimality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Ross, John Robert. 1967. “ Constraints on Variables in Syntax.” PhD diss., MIT (published as Ross, John Robert. 1986. Infinite Syntax! Norwood, NJ: Ablex.)
- Ross, John Robert. 1974. “ Three Batons for Cognitive Psychology.” In Cognition and the Symbolic Processes, edited by Walter B. Weimer and David S. Palermo, 63–124. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Rozwadowska, Bożena. 1995. “Configurational Hypothesis and Polish NPs.” Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, 30: 131–144.
-
Saito, Mamoru, and Keiko Murasugi. 1999. “ Subject Predication within IP and DP
.” In Beyond Principles and Parameters, edited by Kyle Johnson and Ian Roberts, 167–188. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
10.1007/978-94-011-4822-1_7 Google Scholar
- Snyder, William, Deborah Chen, Maki Yamane, Laura Conway, and Kazuko Hiramatsu. 1999. “ On the Nature of Children's Left-Branch Violations.” In Proceedings of the Workshop on New Perspectives on Language Acquisition, edited by Bart Hollebrandse, 177–185.
- Solà, Jaume, and Anna Gavarró. 2004. “ Subextraction in Romance Languages.” In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory, edited by Jenny Doetjes and Paz González, 297–315. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Starke, Michal. 2001. “ Move Dissolves into Merge: A Theory of Locality.” PhD diss., University of Geneva.
- Stjepanović, Sandra. 1998. “ Extraction of Adjuncts out of NPs.” Paper presented at the Comparative Slavic Morphosyntax Workshop, June 5–7, Spencer, USA.
- Stowell, Tim. 1989. “ Subjects, Specifiers, and X-Bar Theory.” In Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure, edited by Mark R. Baltin and Anthony S. Kroch, 232–262. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Szabolcsi, Anna. 1983. “The Possessor that Ran Away from Home.” Linguistic Review, 3: 89–102.
- Szabolcsi, Anna. 1994. “ The Noun Phrase.” In Syntax and Semantics 27: The Syntactic Structure of Hungarian, edited by Ferenc Kiefer and Katalin É. Kiss, 179–274. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Torrego, Esther. 1987. “ On Empty Categories in Nominals.” MS, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
- Trenkić, Danijela. 2004. “Definiteness in Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian and Some Implications for the General Structure of the Nominal Phrase.” Lingua, 114: 1401–1427.
- Uriagereka, Juan. 1988. “ On Government.” PhD diss., University of Connecticut.
- Vangsnes, Øystein. 2008. “What Kind of Scandinavian? On Interrogative Noun Phrases across North Germanic.” Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 31: 227–251.
- Wexler, Ken, and Peter Culicover. 1977. “ Some Syntactic Implications of a Theory of Language Learnability.” In Formal Syntax, edited by Peter Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 7–60. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Wexler, Ken, and Peter Culicover. 1980. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Willim, Ewa. 1997. “ On the DP-Hypothesis in Polish, an Articleless Language.” In Studies in Syntax, edited by Piotr Stalmaszczyk, 137–158. Lublin: Folium.
- Willim, Ewa. 2000. “ On the Grammar of Polish Nominals.” In Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, edited by Roger Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, 319–346. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Zlatić, Larisa. 1997. “ The Structure of the Serbian Noun Phrase.” PhD diss., University of Texas.
Citing Literature
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition
Browse other articles of this reference work: