Cognitive Assistive Technology
Alex Mihailidis,
Edmund F. LoPresti,
Alex Mihailidis
University of Toronto, Department of Occupational Therapy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAlex Mihailidis,
Edmund F. LoPresti,
Alex Mihailidis
University of Toronto, Department of Occupational Therapy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 14 April 2006
Abstract
Cognitive assistive technology (AT) attempts to compensate for existing impairments by using devices, tools, or techniques that either partially take the place of a person's impaired ability, including attempting to rehabilitate those impairments if possible, or translate a problem into one that matches the user's strengths. This chapter will provide an introduction to the field of cognitive AT. The reader will be presented with a review of the current and previous research trends in this field, key aspects on the design of these devices and tools, and a discussion of future work and trends. As the field of cognitive AT is quite diverse, this overview will focus primarily on those devices that are considered compensatory tools, specifically devices developed to assist users with memory, planning, and problem-solving impairments.
Bibliography
- 1W. C. Mann, K. J. Ottenbacher, L. Fraas, M. Tomita, and C. V. Granger, Effectiveness of assistive technology and environmental interventions in maintaining independence and reducing home care costs for the frail elderly. Arch. Family Med. 1999; 8: 210–217.
- 2E. Cole, Cognitive prosthetics: an overview to a method of treatment. NeuroRehabilitation 1999; 12: 39–51.
- 3E. F. LoPresti, A. Mihailidis, and N. Kirsch, Assistive technology for cognitive rehabilitation: state of the art. Neuropsycholog. Rehab. in press.
- 4A. Mihailidis, G. R. Fernie, and J. C. Barbenel, The use of artificial intelligence in the design of an intelligent cognitive orthosis for people with dementia. Assist. Technol. 2001; 13: 23–39.
- 5E. Francik, Telecommunications Problems and Design Strategies for People with Cognitive Disabilities. World Institute on Disability, 1999.
- 6A. Luria, The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
- 7S. P. Levine, H. M. Horstmann, and N. L. Kirsch, Performance considerations for people with cognitive impairments in accessing assistive technologies. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 1992; 7(3): 46–58.
10.1097/00001199-199209000-00007 Google Scholar
- 8J. Ellis, Prospective memory or the realization of delayed intentions: a conceptual framework for research. In: M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein, and M. A. McDaniel, eds., Prospective Memory: Theory and Applications. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.
- 9A. Keates, Dyslexia and Information and Communications Technology: A Guide for Teachers and Parents. London, UK: David Fulton Publishers, 2000.
- 10E. L. Higgins and M. H. Raskind, The compensatory effectiveness of optical character recognition/speech synthesis on reading comprehension of postsecondary students with learning disabilities. Learn. Disabil. 1997; 8(2): 75–87.
- 11C. Trepagnier, V. Gupta, M. M. Sebrechts, and M. J. Rosen, How does he look: tracking autistic gaze. Proc. Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA), 2000.
- 12S. S. Nagarajan, X. Wang, M. M. Merzenich, C. E. Schreiner, P. Johnston, P. Jenkins, S. Miller, and P. Tallal, Speech modifications algorithms used for training language learning-impaired children. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Engineer. 1998; 6(3): 257–268.
- 13K. D. Cicerone, C. Dahlberg, K. Kalmar, D. M. Langenbahn, J. F. Malec, T. F. Bergquist, T. Felicetti, J. T. Giacino, J. P. Harley, D. E. Harrington, J. Herzog, S. Kneipp, L. Laatsch, and P. Morse, Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: recommendations for clinical practice. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 2000; 81(12): 1596–1615.
- 14W. Lynch, Historical review of computer-assisted cognitive retraining. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 2002; 17(5): 446–457.
- 15E. Cole, M. Ziegmann, Y. Wu, V. Yonker, C. Gustafson, and S. Cirwithen, Use of “therapist-friendly” tools in cognitive assistive technology and telerehabilitation. Proc. Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA), 2000.
- 16D. L. Chute and M. E. Bliss, ProthesisWare. Experimental Aging Res. 1994; 20: 229–238.
- 17A. Svensk, Empathic modeling (The Sober Version). Proc. 4th European Conference for the Advancement of Assistive Technology (AAATE), 1997.
- 18E. D. Mynatt and W. A. Rogers, Developing technology to support functional independence of older adults. Ageing Int. 2002; 27(1): 24–41.
10.1007/s12126-001-1014-5 Google Scholar
- 19M. M. Bergman, A proposed resolution of the remiation-compensation controversy in brain injury rehabilitation. Cog. Technol. 1998; 3(1): 45–51.
- 20J. Harris, External memory aids. In: M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, and R. Sykes, eds., Practical Aspects of Memory. London, UK: Academic Press, 1978.
- 21M. Jones and J. Adams, Toward a prosthetic memory. Bull. Brit. Psycholog. Soc. 1979; 32: 165–167.
- 22N. A. Hersch and L. G. Treadgold, NeuroPage: the rehabilitation of memory dysfunction by prosthetic memory and cueing. NeuroRehabilitation 1994; 4(3): 187–197.
- 23H. Kim, D. Burke, M. Dowds, and J. George, Utility of a microcomputer as an external memory aid for a memory-impaired head injury patient during inpatient rehabilitation. Brain Injury 1999; 13: 147–150.
- 24S. Kime, D. Lamb, and B. Wilson, Use of a comprehensive program of external cueing to enhance procedural memory in a patient with dense amnesia. Brain Injury 1995; 10: 17–25.
- 25G. Fernie and B. Fernie, The potential role of technology to provide help at home for persons with Alzheimer's disease. The 18th Annual Conference of the Alzheimer's Society of Canada, 1996.
- 26R. Levinson, PEAT: the planning and execution assistant and training system. J. Head Trauma Rehab. Spring 1997: 85–91.
- 27T. Willkomm and E. LoPresti, Evaluation of an electronic aid for prospective memory tasks. RESNA Proc. 1997; 520–522.
- 28D. Herrmann, B. Brubaker, C. Yoder, V. Sheets, and A. Tio, Devices that remind. In: F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, R. W. Schvaneveldt, S. T. Dumais, D. S. Lindsay, and M. T. H. Chi, eds., Handbook of Applied Cognition. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
- 29B. A. Wilson, H. C. Emslie, K. Quirk, and J. J. Evans, Reducing everyday memory and planning problems by means of a paging system: a randomised control crossover study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 2001; 70(4): 477–482.
- 30B. A. Wilson, J. J. Evans, H. Emslie, and V. Malinek, Evaluation of NeuroPage: a new memory aid. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 1997; 63: 113–115.
- 31E. A. Maylor, Does prospective memory decline with age? In: M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein, and M. A. McDaniel, Prospective Memory: Theory and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.
- 32O. Zanetti, G. Zanieri, L. P. D. Vreese, G. Frisoni, and G. Binetti, Utilizing an electronic memory aid with Alzheimer's disease patients. A study of feasibility. The 6th International Stockholm/Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy, 2000.
- 33T. Hart, K. Hawkey, and J. Whyte, Use of a portable voice organizer to remember therapy goals in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: a within-subjects trial. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 2002; 17(6): 556–570.
- 34G. Lancioni, E. Van den Hof, F. Furniss, M. O’Reilly, and B. Cunha, Evaluation of a computer-aided system providing pictorial task instructions and prompts to people with severe intellectual disability. J. Intell. Disabil. Res. 1999; 43: 61–66.
- 35G. Lancioni, M. O’Reilly, P. Seedhouse, F. Furniss, and B. Cunha, Promoting independent task performance by persons with severe developmental disabilities through a new computer-aided system. Behav. Modific. 2000; 24(5): 700–718.
- 36S. P. Levine and N. L. Kirsch, COGORTH: a programming language for customized cognitive orthotics. RESNA, 1985.
- 37N. L. Kirsch, S. P. Levine, R. Lajiness, M. Mossaro, M. Schneider, and J. Donders, Improving functional performance with computerized task guidance systems. ICAART ’88 Annual Conference, 1988.
- 38N. L. Kirsch, S. P. Levine, R. Lajiness-O’Neill, and M. Schneider, Computer-assisted interactive task guidance: facilitating the performance of a simulated vocational task. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 1992; 7(3): 13–25.
10.1097/00001199-199209000-00004 Google Scholar
- 39N. L. Kirsch, M. Shenton, E. Spirl, J. Rowan, R. Simpson, D. Schreckenghost, and E. LoPresti, Web-based assistive technology interventions for cognitive impairments after traumatic brain injury: a selective review and two cases studies. Rehab. Psychol. in press.
- 40A. Jinks and C. Robson-Brandi, Designing an interactive prosthetic memory system. RESNA Proc. 1997; 526–528.
- 41B. Jonsson and A. Svensk, ISAAC - A personal digital assistant for the differently abled. Proc. 2nd TIDE Congress, 1995.
- 42E. Inglis, A. Szymkowiak, P. Gregor, A. F. Newell, N. Hine, N. A. Wilson, and J. Evans, Issues surrounding the user-centred development of a new interactive memory aid. In: S. Keates, P. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson, and P. Robinson, Universal Access and Assistive Technology (Proc. Cambridge Workshop on UA and AT’ 02 2002), 2002.
- 43S. Carmien, MAPS: PDA scaffolding for independence for persons with cognitive impairments. 2002 Human Computer Interaction Consortium, 2002.
- 44E. D. Mynatt, I. Essa, and W. Rogers, Increasing the opportunities for aging in place. ACM Conference on Universal Usability (CUU), 2000.
- 45A. Mihailidis and G. Fernie, Context-aware assistive devices for older adults with dementia. Gerontechnology 2002; 2(2): 173–189.
10.4017/gt.2002.02.02.002.00 Google Scholar
- 46R. Lubinski, Dementia and Communication. Philadelphia, PA: B.C. Decker, Inc., 1991.
- 47J. Cockburn and C. Collin, Measuring everyday memory in elderly people: a preliminary study. Age and Ageing 1988; 17(4): 265–269.
- 48A. Mihailidis, G. R. Fernie, and W. L. Cleghorn, The development of a computerized cueing device to help people with dementia to be more independent. Technol. Disabil. 2000; 13(1): 23–40.
- 49J. A. Jorge, Adaptive Tools for the Elderly: New Devices to cope with Age-Induced Cognitive Disabilities, WUAUC, 2001.
- 50A. K. Dey, G. D. Abowd, and D. Salber, A Context-based infrastructure for smart environments. 1st International Workshop on Managing Interactions in Smart Environments, 1999.
- 51H. Lieberman and T. Selker, Out of context: computer systems that adapt to, and learn from, context. IBM Syst. J. 2000; 39(3–4): 1.
- 52E. A. Feigenbaum and P. R. Cohen, Planning and problem solving. In: The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. William Kaufamm Inc., 1982.
- 53H. A. Kautz and J. F. Allen, Generalized plan recognition. Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1986.
- 54S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
- 55S. Safra and M. Tennenholtz, On planning while learning. J. Artific. Intell. Res. 1994; 2: 111–129.
- 56R. C. Luo, C. Yih, and K. L. Su, Multisensor fusion and integration: approaches, applications, and future research directions. IEEE Sens. J. 2002; 2(2): 107–119.
- 57D. L. Hall and J. Llinas, An introduction to multisensor data fusion. Proc. IEEE 1997; 85: 6–23.
- 58K. Hope, Using multi-sensory environments with older people with dementia. J. Adv. Nurs. 1997; 25: 780–785,
- 59C. D. Kidd, R. Orr, G. D. Abowd, C. G. Atkeson, I. A. Essa, B. MacIntyre, E. Mynatt, T. E. Starner, and W. Newstetter, The aware home: a living laboratory for ubiquitous computing research. Second International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings, 1999.
- 60A. Mihailidis, J. C. Barbenel, and G. R. Fernie, The efficacy of an intelligent cognitive orthosis to facilitate handwashing by persons with moderate-to-severe dementia. Neuropsycholog. Rehab. in press.
- 61H. Kautz, D. Fox, O. Etzioni, G. Borriello, and L. Arnstein, An overview of the assisted cognition project. AAAI-2002 Workshop on Automation as Caregiver: The Role of Intelligent Technology in Elder Care, 2002.
- 62M. E. Pollack, L. Brown, D. Colbry, C. E. McCarthy, C. Orosz, B. Peinter, S. Ramakrishnan, and I. Tsamardinos, Autominder: an intelligent cognitive orthotic system for people with memory impairment. Robot. Autonomous Syst. in press.
- 63J. Pineau, M. Montemerlo, M. E. Pollack, N. Roy, and S. Thrun, Towards robotic assistants in nursing homes: challenges and results. Autonomous Syst. 2003; 42(3–4): 1–10.
- 64A. van Berlo, Smart home technology: have older people pave the way? Gerontechnology 2002; April: 85–91.
- 65M. C. Mozer, The neural network house: an environment that adapts to its inhabitants. American Association for Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium on Intelligent Environment, 1998.
- 66T. Adlam, C. Gibbs, and R. Orpwood, The Gloucester Smart House bath monitor for people with dementia. In: Physica Medica. A European Congress of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering. 2001; 17(3): 189.
- 67F. Slevin, A smart walker. Gerontechnology 2001; 1(2): 130.
10.4017/gt.2001.01.02.009.00 Google Scholar
- 68R. Simpson, E. LoPresti, S. Hayashi, I. Nourbakhsh, and D. Miller, The smart wheelchair component system. J. Rehab. Res. Develop. in submission.
