Chapter 3
Epidemiology of Diseases of the Bile Ducts and Gallbladder
Markus H. Heim,
Markus H. Heim
Search for more papers by this authorMarkus H. Heim,
Markus H. Heim
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Pierre-Alain Clavien MD, PhD, FACS, FRCS,
John Baillie MB, ChB, FRCP, FACG,
Pierre-Alain Clavien MD, PhD, FACS, FRCS
Professor and Chairman, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Baillie MB, ChB, FRCP, FACG
Professor of Medicine, Director of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorder Service, Wake Forest University Health Sciences Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 14 June 2006
Summary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Gallstone disease
-
Acalculous cholecystitis
-
Cholesterolosis, adenomatosis and polyps of the gallbladder
-
Extrahepatic biliary atresia
-
Choledochal cysts
-
Caroli's disease
-
Cystic fibrosis
-
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
-
Carcinoma of the gallbladder
-
Cholangiocarcinoma
-
Tumors of the ampulla
-
Questions
References
- Sarin SK, Negi VS, Dewan R, et al. High familial prevalence of gallstones in the first-degree relatives of gallstone patients. Hepatology 1995; 22: 138–41.
- Jorgensen T. Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 912–21.
- Heaton KW, Braddon FE, Mountford RA, et al. Symptomatic and silent gall stones in the community. Gut 1991; 32: 316–20.
- Caroli-Bosc FX, Pugliese P, Peten EP, et al. Gallbladder volume in adults and its relationship to age, sex, body mass index, body surface area and gallstones. An epidemiologic study in a nonselected population in France. Digestion 1999; 60: 344–8.
- Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, et al. A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study. Hepatology 1987; 7: 913–17.
- Loria P, Dilengite MA, Bozzoli M, et al. Prevalence rates of gall-stone disease in Italy. The Chianciano population study. Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10: 143–50.
- Misciagna G, Leoci C, Guerra V, et al. Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 585–93.
- Okolicsanyi L, Passera D, Nassuato G, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in an older Italian population in Montegrotto Terme, Padua. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 902–5.
- Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 158–65.
- Glambek I, Kvaale G, Arnesjo B, Soreide O. Prevalence of gall-stones in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 1089–94.
- Tomecki R, Dzieniszewski J, Gerke W, et al. Cholecystolithiasis in the urban population of Poland. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1995; 94: 243–9.
- Zhao Y, Zhang R, Hu Y, et al. An epidemiological survey of gallstones with gray-scale ultrasound. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1990; 21: 217–20.
- Khuroo MS, Mahajan R, Zargar SA, et al. Prevalence of biliary tract disease in India: a sonographic study in adult population in Kashmir. Gut 1989; 30: 201–5.
- Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, et al. Prevalence of gallstone disease in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 598–605.
- Prathnadi P, Miki M, Suprasert S. Incidence of cholelithiasis in the northern part of Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 1992; 75: 462–70.
- Maurer K R, Everhart JE, Knowler WC, et al. Risk factors for gallstone disease in the Hispanic populations of the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 836–44.
- Hanis CL, Hewett-Emmett D, Kubrusly LF, et al. An ultrasound survey of gallbladder disease among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas: frequencies and risk factors. Ethn Dis 1993; 3: 32–43.
- Miquel JF, Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, et al. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 937–46.
- Jensen K H, Jorgensen T. Incidence of gallstones in a Danish population. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 790–4.
- Carey MC, Small DM. The physical chemistry of cholesterol solubility in bile. Relationship to gallstone formation and dissolution in man. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 998–1026.
- Lamont JT, Carey MC. Cholesterol gallstone formation. 2. Pathobiology and pathomechanics. Prog Liver Dis 1992; 10: 165–91.
- Trotman BW. Pigment gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991; 20: 111–26.
- Cetta F. The role of bacteria in pigment gallstone disease. Ann Surg 1991; 213: 315–26.
- Leung JW, Sung JY, Costerton JW. Bacteriological and electron microscopy examination of brown pigment stones. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 915–21.
- Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 652–8.
- Attili AF, Capocaccia R, Carulli N, et al. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience. Multicenter Italian Study on Epidemiology of Cholelithiasis. Hepatology 1997; 26: 809–18.
- Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 1000–5.
- Pitt HA, King W, 3rd, Mann LL, et al. Increased risk of cholelithiasis with prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 1983; 145: 106–12.
- Roslyn JJ, Berquist WE, Pitt HA, et al. Increased risk of gallstones in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. Pediatrics 1983; 71: 784–9.
- Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, et al. Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history. Ann I nter n Med 1993; 119: 116–20.
- Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F. Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium. Hepatology 1993; 17: 1–4.
- Everson RB, Byar DP, Bischoff AJ. Estrogen predisposes to cholecystectomy but not to stones. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 4–8.
- Surgically confirmed gallbladder disease, venous thromboembolism, and breast tumors in relation to post menopausal estrogen therapy. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 15–19.
- Scragg RK, McMichael AJ, Seamark RF. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and endogenous oestrogen in gall stone disease — a case-control study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 288 (6433): 1795–9.
- Newman C B, Melmed S, Snyder PJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term octreotide therapy of acromegaly: results of a multi-center trial in 103 patients — a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2768–75.
- Lapidus A, Bangstad M, Astrom M, Muhrbeck O. The prevalence of gallstone disease in a defined cohort of patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1261–6.
- Moonka R, Stiens SA, Resnick WJ, et al. The prevalence and natural history of gallstones in spinal cord injured patients. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189: 274–81.
- Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 798–800.
- Attili A F, De Santis A, Capri R, et al. The natural history of gallstones: the GREPCO experience. The GREPCO Group. Hepatology 1995; 21: 655–60.
- Thistle JL, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, et al. The natural history of cholelithiasis: the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 171–5.
- Newman HF, Northup JD, Rosenblum M, Abrams H. Complications of cholelithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol 1968; 50: 476–96.
- Ransohoff DF, Gracie WA. Treatment of gallstones. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 606–19.
- Berger MY, vander Velden JJ, Lijmer JG, et al. Abdominal symptoms: do they predict gallstones? A systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 70–6.
- Edlund Y, Olsson O. Acute cholecystitis; its aetiology and course, with special reference to the timing of cholecystectomy. Acta Chir Scand 1961; 120: 479–94.
- Soloway RD, Trotman BW, Ostrow JD. Pigment gallstones. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 167–82.
- Barie PS, Fischer E. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180: 232–44.
- Savoca PE, Longo WE, Zucker KA, et al. The increasing prevalence of acalculous cholecystitis in outpatients. Results of a 7-year study. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 433–7.
- Wind P, Chevallier JM, Jones D, et al. Cholecystectomy for cholecystitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Surg 1994; 168: 244–6.
- Nash JA, Cohen SA. Gallbladder and biliary tract disease in AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1997; 26: 323–35.
- Wiboltt KS, Jeffrey RB, Jr. Acalculous cholec ystitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Surg 1997; 163: 519–24.
- Parithivel VS, Gerst PH, Banerjee S, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in young patients without predisposing factors. Am Surg 1999; 65: 366–8.
- Sahlin S, Stahlberg D, Einarsson K. Cholesterol metabolism in liver and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholesterolosis. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1269–75.
- Kmiot WA, Perry EP, Donovan IA, et al. Cholesterolosis in patients with chronic acalculous biliary pain. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 112–15.
- Ram M D, Midha D. Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. Surgery 1975; 78: 224–9.
- Hwang JI, Chou YH, Tsay SH, et al. Radiologic and pathologic correlation of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. Abdom Imaging 1998; 23: 73–7.
- Aldridge MC, Gruffaz F, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Adenomyo-matosis of the gallbladder. A premalignant lesion? Surgery 1991; 109: 107–10.
- Katoh T, Nakai T, Hayashi S, Satake T. Noninvasive carcinoma of the gallbladder arising in localized type adenomyomatosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 670–4.
- Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Jimi M, et al. MR diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder and differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma: importance of showing Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172: 1535–40.
- Jorgensen T, Jensen KH. Polyps in the gallbladder. A prevalence study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 281–6.
-
Kozuka S,
Tsubone N,
Yasui A,
Hachisuka K.
Relation of adenoma to carcinoma in the gallbladder.
Cancer
1982;
50: 2226–34.
10.1002/1097-0142(19821115)50:10<2226::AID-CNCR2820501043>3.0.CO;2-3 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Ohya T, Fujimoto T, Shimomura H, Miyano T. Degeneration of intrahepatic bile duct with lymphocyte infiltration into biliary epithelial cells in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30: 515–18.
- Haas JE. Bile duct and liver pathology in biliary atresia. World J Surg 1978; 2: 561–9.
- Balistreri WF, Grand R, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Biliary atresia: current concepts and research directions. Summary of a symposium. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1682–92.
- Kasai M. Treatment of biliary atresia with special reference to hepatic porto-enterostomy and its mod ifications. Prog Pediatr Surg 1974; 6: 5–52.
- Lenriot JP, Gigot JF, Segol P, et al. Bile duct cysts in adults: a multi-institutional retrospective study. French Associations for Surgical Research. Ann Surg 1998; 228: 159–66.
- Todani T, Watanabe Y, Narusue M, et al. Congenital bile duct cysts: Classification, operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Am J Surg 1977; 134: 263–9.
- Todani T, Watanabe Y, Toki A, Morotomi Y. Classification of congenital biliary cystic disease: special reference to type Ic and I VA cysts with primary ductal stricture. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003; 10: 340–4.
- Lipsett PA, Pitt HA. Surgical treatment of choledochal cysts. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003; 10: 352–9.
- Taylor AC, Palmer KR. Caroli's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10: 105–8.
- Dayton MT, Longmire WP, Jr., Tompkins RK. Caroli's Disease: a premalignant condition? Am J Surg 1983; 145: 41–8.
- Summerfield JA, Nagafuchi Y, Sherlock S, et al. Hepatobiliary fibropolycystic diseases. A clinical and histological review of 51 patients. J Hepatol 1986; 2: 141–56.
- Lindblad A, Glaumann H, Strandvik B. Natural history of liver disease in cysticfibrosis. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1151–8.
- Olsson R, Danielsson A, Jarnerot G, et al. Prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1319–23.
- Boberg K M, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, et al. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 99–103.
- Broome U, Olsson R, Loof L, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1996; 38: 610–15.
- Kelly P, Patchett S, McCloskey D, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis, race and sex. Gut 1997; 41: 688–9.
- Tobias R, Wright JP, Kottler RE, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with infl ammatory bowel disease in Cape Town, 1975–1981. S Afr Med J 1983; 63: 229–35.
- Okada H, Mizuno M, Yamamoto K, Tsuji T. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japanese patients: association with inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Med Okayama 1996; 50: 227–35.
- Loftus EV, Jr., Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1496–502.
- Boberg KM, Schrumpf E, Fausa O, et al. Hepatobiliary disease in ulcerative colitis. An analysis of 18 patients with hepato-biliary lesions classified as small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 744–52.
- Ludwig J. Surgical pathology of the syndrome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13 Suppl 1: 43–9.
- Farrant JM, Hayllar K M, Wilkinson ML, et al. Natural history and prognostic variables in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1710–7.
- Broome U, Lofberg R, Veress B, Eriksson LS. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1404–8.
- Hultcrantz R, Olsson R, Danielsson A, et al. A 3-year prospective study on serum tumor markers used for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 669–73.
- Aadland E, Schrumpf E, Fausa O, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term follow-up study. Scand J Gastro-enterol 1987; 22: 655–64.
- Abu-Elmagd KM, Selby R, Iwatsuki S, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma and sclerosing cholangitis: clinical characteristics and effect on survival after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1124–5.
- Harnois DM, Gores GJ, Ludwig J, et al. Are patients with cirrhotic stage primary sclerosing cholangitis at risk for the development of hepatocellular cancer? J Hepatol 1997; 27: 512–16.
- Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Munoz N, et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2001; 51: 349–64.
- Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Misra NC, Sharma ID. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4: 167–76.
- Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P, Zatonski WA. Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 1529–32.
- Piehler JM, Crichlow RW. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978; 147: 929–42.
- Aldridge MC, Bismuth H. Gallbladder cancer: the polyp-cancer sequence. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 363–4.
-
Henson DE,
Albores-Saavedra J,
Corle D.
Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates.
Cancer
1992;
70: 1493–7.
10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1493::AID-CNCR2820700608>3.0.CO;2-U CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Patel T. Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1353–7.
- Khan SA, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, et al. Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 806–13.
- Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, Arora S, et al. Increase in mortality rates from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in England and Wales 1968–1998. Gut 2001; 48: 816–20.
- Mouzas IA, Dimoulios P, Vlachonikolis IG, et al. Increasing incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in Crete 1992–2000. Antican-cer Res 2002; 22: 3637–41.
- Olnes M J, Erlich R. A review and update on cholangiocarc ino-ma. Oncology 2004; 66: 167–79.
- Green A, Uttaravichien T, Bhudhisawasdi V, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in north east Thailand. A hospital-based study. Trop Geogr Med 1991; 43: 193–8.
- Chapman RW. Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Ann Oncol 1999; 10 Suppl 4: 308–11.
- SuC H, Shyr YM, Lui W Y, P'Eng F K. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 969–73.
- Kubo S, Kinoshita H, Hirohashi K, Hamba H. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 1995; 19: 637–41.
- Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 463–73; discussion 473–5.
- Anderson JB, Cooper MJ, Williamson RC. Adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1985; 67: 139–43.
- Cattell R B, Braasch J W, Kahn F. Polypoid epithelial tumors of the bile ducts. Nord Hyg Tidskr 1962; 266: 57–61.
- Baczako K, Buchler M, Beger HG, et al. Morphogenesis and possible precursor lesions of invasive carcinoma of the papilla of Vater: epithelial dysplasia and adenoma. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 305–10.
- Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Krush AJ, et al. The risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1980–2.
