Chapter 83
Arteriovenous Fistulas and Vascular Malformations
Peter Gloviczki,
Audra A. Noel,
Larry H. Hollier,
Peter Gloviczki
Search for more papers by this authorAudra A. Noel
Search for more papers by this authorLarry H. Hollier
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Gloviczki,
Audra A. Noel,
Larry H. Hollier,
Peter Gloviczki
Search for more papers by this authorAudra A. Noel
Search for more papers by this authorLarry H. Hollier
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Enrico Ascher,
L. H. Hollier,
D. Eugene Strandness,
Jonathan B. Towne,
Keith Calligaro,
K. Craig Kent,
Gregory L. Moneta,
William H. Pearce,
John J. Ricotta,
Henry Haimovici,
Enrico Ascher
Search for more papers by this authorL. H. Hollier
Search for more papers by this authorD. Eugene Strandness
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan B. Towne
Search for more papers by this authorKeith Calligaro
Search for more papers by this authorK. Craig Kent
Search for more papers by this authorGregory L. Moneta
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam H. Pearce
Search for more papers by this authorJohn J. Ricotta
Search for more papers by this authorHenry Haimovici
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains section titled:
-
Etiology
-
Pathophysiology
-
Acquired Arteriovenous Fistulas
-
Diagnosis
-
Vascular Malformations
-
Classifications
-
Malformations with Arteriovenous Shunting
-
Visceral Arteriovenous Malformations
-
Klippel—Trénaunay Syndrome
-
Conclusion
-
Historical Background
References
- Virchow R. Pathologie des tumeurs: cours professé à l'Université de Berlin, vol 4. Paris: Germer-Bailliére, 1876: 169.
- Hunter W. The history of an aneurysm of the aorta, with some remarks on aneurysms in general. Med Observations Inquiries 1757; 1: 323.
- Hunter W. Further observations upon a particular species of aneurysm. Med Observations Inquiries 1764: 2: 390.
- Breichet G. Mémoire sur les anéurysmes. Mem Acad Med (Paris) 1833; 3: 101.
- Norris G. Varicose aneurism at the bend of the arm: ligature of the artery above and below the sac; secondary hemorrhages with a return of the aneurismal thrill on the tenth day; cure. Am J Med Sci 1843; 5: 28.
- Nicoladoni C. Phlebarteriectasie der rechten oberen Extremität. Arch Kim Chir 1875; 18: 252.
- Branham HH. Aneurismal varix of the femoral artery and vein following a gunshot wound. Int J Surg 1890; 3: 250.
- Holman E. Arteriovenous aneurysm: abnormal communications between the arterial and venous circulations. New York: Macmillan, 1937.
- Shumacker HB Jr, Carter KL. Arteriovenous fistulas and arterial aneurysms in military personnel. Surgery 1946; 20: 9.
- Hughes CW, Jahnke EJ Jr. The surgery of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and aneurysms: a five-year followup study of 215 lesions. Ann Surg 1958; 148: 790.
- Rich NM, Hobson RW II, Collins GJ Jr. Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and false aneurysms: a review of 558 lesions. Surgery 1975; 78: 817.
- Reid MR. Studies on abnormal arteriovenous communications, acquired and congenital: I. Report of a series of cases. Arch Surg 1925; 10: 601.
- de Takats G. Vascular anomalies of the extremities: report of five cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932; 55: 227.
- Coursley G, Ivins JC, Barker NW. Congenital arteriovenous fistulas in the extremities: an analysis of sixty-nine cases. Angiology 1956; 7: 201.
- Malan E, Puglionisi A. Congenital angiodysplasias of the extremities. (Note I: Generalities and classification; venous dysplasias.) (Note II: Arterial. arterial and venous, and haemolymphatic dysplasias.) J Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 5: 87;
- J Cardiovasc Surg 1965; 6: 255.
- Szilagyi DE, Elliott JP, et al. Peripheral congenital arteriovenous fistulas. Surgery 1965; 57: 61.
- Szilagyi DE, Smith RF, et al. Congenital arteriovenous anomalies of the limbs. Arch Surg 1976; 111: 423.
- Natali J, Merland JJ. Superselective arteriography and therapeutic embolisation for vascular malformations (angiodysplasias). J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1976; 17: 465.
- Forbes G, Earnest F IV et al. Therapeutic emboluation angiography for extra-axial lesions in the head. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61: 427.
- Belov DA. Classification of congenital vascular defects. Int Angiol 1990; 9 (3): 141–146.
- Patman RD, Poulos E, Shires GT. The management of civilian arterial injuries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1964; 118: 725.
- Kollmeyer KR, Runt JL, et al. Acute and chronic traumatic arteriovenous fistulae in civilians: epidemiology and treatment. Arch Surg 1981; 116: 697.
- Lamar R, Berg R, Rama K. Femoral arteriovenous fistula as a complication of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a report of five cases. Am Surg 1990; 56: 702–706.
- Oweida SW, Roubin GS, et al. Postcatheterization vascular complications associated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 1990; 12: 310–315.
- McCann RL, Schwartz LB, Pieper KS. Vascular complications of cardiac catheterization. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 375–381.
- Kim D, Orron DE, et al. Role of superficial femoral artery puncture in the development of pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula complicating percutaneous transfemoral cardiac catheterization. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991; 25: 91–97.
- Rivers SP Lee ES, et al. Successful conservative management of iatrogenic femoral arterial trauma. Ann Vasc Surg 1992; 6: 45–49.
- Feld R, Patton GM, et al. Treatment of iatrogenic femoral artery injuries with ultrasound-guided compression. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 832–840.
- Kent KC, McArdle CR, et al. A prospective study of the clinical outcome of femoral pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas induced by arterial puncture. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 125–131.
- Linton RR, White PD. Arteriovenous fistula between the right common iliac artery and the inferior vena cava: report of a case of its occurrence following an operation for a ruptured intervertebral disk with cure by operation. Arch Surg 1945; 50: 6.
- Quigley TM, Stoney RJ. Arteriovenous fistula following lumbar laminectomy: the anatomy defined. J Vasc Surg 1985; 2: 828.
- Christensen C, Bank A. Arteriovenous fistula complicating lumbar disc surgery. Case report. Eur J Surg 1991; 157: 145–146.
- Sande E, Myhre HO, et al. Vascular complications of lumbar disc surgery. Case report. Eur J Surg 1991; 157: 141–143.
- Machado-Atias I, Fornes O, et al. Iliac arteriovenous fistula due to spinal disk surgery causes severe hemodynamic repercussion with pulmonary hypertension. Texas Heart Inst J 1993; 20: 60–65.(discussion 65).
- Hollingsworth EW. Arteriovenous fistula of the renal vessels. Am J Med Sci 1934; 188: 399.
- Dzsinich C, Szabó, et al. Arteriovenous fistula after partial nephrectomy: successful surgical repair: report of a case. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 32: 325.
- Mono RP, Dunn EJ, Wright CB. Renal arteriovenous fistulas: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and management. Surgery 1986; 99: 114.
- Lord RSA, Ehrenfeld WK, Wylie EJ. Arterial injury from the Fogarty catheter. Med J Aust 1968; 2: 70.
- Shifrin EG, Anner H, et al. Arteriovenous fistula in the lower limb in consequence of Fogarty balloon catheter embolectomy: case report and review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1985; 26: 310.
- Schweitzer DL, Aguam AS, Wilder JR. Complications encountered during arterial embolectomy with the Fogarty balloon catheter: report of a case and review of the literature. Vasc Surg 1976; 10: 144.
- McAuley CE, Peitzman AB, et al. The syndrome of spontaneous iliac arteriovenous fistula: a distinct clinical and pathophysiologic entity. Surgery 1986; 99: 373.
- Davis PM, Gloviczki P, et al. Aortocaval and ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistulae. Am J Surg 1998; 176; 115–118.
- Holman E. Abnormal arteriovenous communications. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1968.
- Davis JO, Urquhart J, et al. Hypersecretion of aldos-terone in dogs with a chronic aortid-caval fistula and high output heart failure. Circ Res 1964; 14: 471.
- Epstein FR, Ferguson TB. The effect of formation of an arteriovenous fistula upon blood volume. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 434.
- Callander CL. Study of arteriovenous fistula with an analysis of 447 cases. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1920; 19: 259.
- Sirinek KR, Gaskill HV III, et al. Exclusion angiography for patients with possible vascular injuries of the extremities: a better use of trauma center resources. Surgery 1983; 94: 598.
- Vollmar J, Krumhaar, D. Surgical experience with 200 traumatic arteriovenous fistulae. In: T Hiertonn; B Rybeck, eds. Symposium on traumatic arterial lesions, Uppsala. Stockholm: Försvarets forskningsanstalt, 1968.
- Shumacker RB Jr, Wayson EF. Spontaneous cure of aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas, with some notes on intrasaccular thrombosis. Am J Surg 1950; 79: 532.
- Linder F. Acquired arteriovenous fistulas: report of 223 operated cases. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1985; 74: 1.
- Harris AE, McMenamin PG. Carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 618.
- Janes JM, Jennings WK Jr. Effect of induced arteriovenous fistula on leg length: 10.year observations. Proc Staff Meeting Mayo Clin 1961; 36: 1.
- Sumner DS. Diagnostic evaluation of arteriovenous fistulas. In: RB Rutherford, ed. Vascular surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984.
- Rutherford RB. Noninvasive testing in the diagnosis and assessment of arteriovenous fistula. In: E F Bernstein, ed. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease, 3rd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1985: 666–679.
- White RA, Donayre CE, et al. Preliminary clinical outcome and imaging criterion for endovascular prosthesis development in high-risk patients who have aortoiliac and traumatic arterial lesions. J Vasc Surg 1996; 24: 556–571.
- Gloviczki P, Pairolero PC, et al. Reconstruction of large veins for nonmalignant venous occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 750–761.
- Mann ML, Veith FJ, et al. Percutaneous transfemoral insertion of a stented graft to repair a traumatic femoral arteriovenous fistula. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18: 299–302.
- Marin ML, Veith FJ, et al. Transluminally placed endovascular stented graft repair for arterial trauma. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20: 466–473.
- Debrun G, Lacour P, et al. Treatment of 54 traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas. J Neurosurg 1981; 55: 678.
- Herbreteau D, Aymard A, et al. Endovascular treatment of arteriovenous fistulas arising from branches of the subclavian artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993: 4: 237–240.
- Levey DS, Teitelbaum GP, et al. Safety and efficacy of transcatheter embolization of axillary and shoulder arterial injuries. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1991; 2: 99–104.
- Fellmeth BD, Roberts AC, et al. Postangiographic femoral artery injuries: nonsurgical repair with ultrasound guided compression. Radiology 1991: 178: 671–675.
- Oweida SW, Roubin GS, et al. Postcatheterization vascular complications associated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 1990; 12: 310–315.
- Lin PH, Dodson TF, et al. Surgical intervention for complications caused by femoral artery catheterization in pediatric patients. J Vasc Surg 2001; 34: 1071–1078.
- Robinson DL, Teitelbaum GP, et al. Transcatheter embolization of an aortocaval fistula caused by residual renal artery stump from previous nephrectomy: a case report. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 794–797.
- Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982; 69: 412.
- Malan E, Sala A, Tardito E. Arteriovenous fistulas. In: H Haimovici, ed. Vascular surgery: principles and techniques, 2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1984: 777–794.
- Rohrich RJ, Spicer TE. Hemangiomas and vascular mal-formations/lymphedema. Selected Readings Plast Surg 1986; 4: 1.
- Vollmar JF, Stalker CG. The surgical treatment of congenital arteriovenous fistulas in the extremities. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1976; 17: 340.
- Merland JJ, Riche MC, et al. Classification actuelle des malformations vasculaires. Ann Chir Plast 1980; 25: 105.
- Forbes G, May GR, Jackson IT. Vascular anomalies in children. In: IT Jackson, J Mustarde, eds. Plastic surgery in infancy and childhood. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988: 691–710.
- Woollard RH. The development of the principal arterial stems in the forelimb of the pig. In: Carnegie Institution of Washington: Contributions to embryology, vol 14, No.70. Publication No. 277. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1992: 139–154.
- Mulliken JB, Zetter BR, Folkman J. In vitro characteristics of endothelium from hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Surgery 1982; 92: 348.
- Glowacki J, Mulliken JB. Mast cells in hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Pediatrics 1982; 70: 48.
- Lee BB, Kim I, et al. New experiences with absolute ethanol sclerotherapy in the management of a complex form of congenital venous malformation. J Vasc Surg 2002; 33: 764–772.
- Eifert S, Villavicencio JL, et al. Prevalence of deep venous anomalies in congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31: 462–471.
- Noel AA, Gloviczki P, et al. Surgical treatment of venous malformations in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 840–847.
-
Schwartz RS,
Osmundson PJ,
Rollier LH.
Treatment and prognosis in congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extremity.
Phlebology
1986;
1:
171.
10.1177/026835558600100303 Google Scholar
- Weber FP. Angioma-formation in connection with hypertrophy of limbs and hemi-hypertrophy. Br J Dermatol 1907; 19: 231.
- Weber FP. Haemangiectatic hypertrophy of limbs: congenital phlebarteriectasis and so-called congenital varicose veins. Br J Child Dis 1918; 15: 13.
- Gloviczki P, Hollier LR, et al. Surgical implications of Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 353.
- Gloviczki P, Stanson AW, et al. Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: the risks and benefits of vascular interventions. Surgery 1991; 110: 469–479.
- Servelle M. Stase veineuse et croissance osseuse. Bull Acad Natl Med 1948; 132: 471.
- Hutchison WJ, Burdeaux BD Jr. The influence of stasis on bone growth. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1954; 99: 413.
- Boyd JB, Mulliken JB, et al. Skeletal changes associated with vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 74: 789.
- Decker DG, Fish CR, Juergens JL. Arteriovenous fistulas of the female pelvis: a diagnostic problem. Obstet Gynecol 1968; 31: 799.
- Pritchard DA, Maloney JD, et al. Surgical treatment of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Mayo Clin Proc 1978; 53: 607.
- Haimovici H, Sprayregen S. Congenital micro-arteriovenous shunts: angiographic and Doppler ultrasonographic identification. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 1065.
- Pritchard DA, Maloney JD, et al. Peripheral arteriovenous fistula: detection by contrast echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52: 186.
- Horton BT, Ghormley RK. Congenital arteriovenous fistulae of the extremities visualized by arteriography. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1935; 60: 978.
- Amparo EG, Higgins CB, Hricak H. Primary diagnosis of abdominal arteriovenous fistula by MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984; 8: 1140.
- Berquist, TH. Bone and soft tissue tumors. In: TH Berquist, ed. Magnetic resonance of the musculoskeletal system. New York: Raven Press, 1987: 85–108.
- Pearce WR, Rutherford RB, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: its diagnostic value in patients with congenital vascular malformations of the limbs. J Vasc Surg 1988; 8: 764–770.
- Noe JM, Barsky SH, et al. Port wine stains and the response to argon laser therapy: successful treatment and the predictive role of color, age, and biopsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 65: 130.
- Achauer BM, Vander-Kam VM. Vascular lesions. Clin Plast Surg 1993; 20: 43–51.
- Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Ruiz-Esparza J. Treatment of port-wine stains (capillary malformation) with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 71–77.
- Pickering JW, Walker EP, et al. Copper vapour laser treatment of port-wine stains and other vascular malformations. Br J Plast Surg 1990; 43: 273–282.
- Kerber CW. Catheter therapy: fluoroscopic monitoring of deliberate embolic occlusion. Radiology 1977; 125: 538.
- Kaufman SL, Kumar AAJ, et al. Transcatheter embolization in the management of congenital arteriovenous malformations. Radiology 1980; 137: 21.
- Widlus DM, Murray RR, et al. Congenital arteriovenous malformations: tailored embolotherapy. Radiology 1988; 169: 511–516.
- Van Poppel H, Claes H, et al. Intraarterial embolization in combination with surgery in the management of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Urol Radiol 1988; 10: 89–91.
- Gomes AS, Mali WI, Oppenheim WL. Embolization therapy in the management of congenital arteriovenous malformations. Radiology 1982; 144: 41.
- Barth KR, White RI Jr, et al. Embolotherapy of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations with detachable balloons. Radiology 1982; 142: 599.
- Jacobowitz GR, Rosen RJ, et al. Transcatheter embolization of complex pelvic vascular malformations: results and long-term followup. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 51–55.
- Gomes MMR, Bernatz PE. Arteriovenous fistulas: a review and ten-year experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 1970; 45: 81.
- Szilagyi DE. Vascular malformations (with special emphasis on peripheral arteriovenous lesions). In: W Moore, ed. Vascular surgery: a comprehensive review, 2nd edn. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1986: 773–790.
- Fowl RJ, Kempczinski RF, et al. Management of a complex, posttraumatic, pelvic arteriovenous fistula with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass: case report and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 1987; 6: 257–261.
- Cormier JM, Laurian C, et al. Traitement chirurgical des fistules artério-veineuses congénitales des membres sous contrôle ultrasonographique. Chirurgie 1981; 107: 424.
- Trout RH III, McAllister RA Jr, et al. Vascular malformations. Surgery 1985; 97: 36.
- Moore JD, Thompson NW, et al. Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Surg 1976; 111: 381.
- Rutgeerts P, Van Gompel F, et al. Long-term results of treatment of vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract by neodymium:YAG laser photocoagulation. Gut 1985; 26: 586.
- Richardson JD, Max MH, et al. Bleeding vascular malformations of the intestine. Surgery 1978; 84: 430.
- Klimberg I, Wilson J, et al. Hemorrhage from congenital renal arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy. Urology 1984; 23: 381.
- Burckhardt D, Stalder GA, et al. Hyperdynamic circulatory state due to Osler-Weber-Rendu disease with intrahepatic arteriovenous fistulas. Am Heart J 1973; 85: 797.
- Dines DE, Arms RA, et al. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin Proc 1974; 49: 460.
- Brown SE, Wright PW, et al. Staged bilateral thoraco-tomies for multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations complicating hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83: 285.
- Klippel M, Trénaunay P. Du naevus variquex osteohyper-trophique. Archives of General Medicine (Paris) 1900; 3: 641–72.
- Servelle M. Klippel and Trénaunay's syndrome: 768.operated cases. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 365–373.
- Baskerville PA, Ackroyd JS, et al. The Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: clinical, radiological and haemodynamic features and management. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 232–236.
- Lindenauer SM. The Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: vari-cosity, hypertrophy and hemangioma with no arteriovenous fistula. Ann Surg 1965; 162: 303–313.
- Villavicencio JL. Congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance: Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. In: S Raju, JL Villavicencio, eds. Surgical management of venous disease. 1st edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997; 445–461.
- Baskerville PA, Ackroyd JS, Browse NL. The etiology of the Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 624–627.
- Jacob AG, Driscoll DJ, et al. Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: spectrum and management. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 28–36.
- Eifet S, Villavicencio JL, et al. Prevalence of deep venous anomalies in congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31: 462–471.
- Lorda-Sanchex I, Prieto L, et al. Increased parental age and number of pregnancies in Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 1998; 62: 235–239.
- Frullini A, Cavezzi A. Sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins and telangiectases: history and analysis of safety and complications. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 11–15.
- Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 58–60.
- Cabrera Garrido Jr, Cabrera Garcia-Olmedo JR, Garcia-Olmedo Dominiguez MA. Extending the limits of sclerotherapy: new sclerosing agents. (in French. ) Phlebologie 1997; 50: 181–188.