Chapter 40
Aortoiliac, Aortofemoral, and Iliofemoral Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Diseases
David C. Brewster,
David C. Brewster
Search for more papers by this authorDavid C. Brewster,
David C. Brewster
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Enrico Ascher,
L. H. Hollier,
D. Eugene Strandness,
Jonathan B. Towne,
Keith Calligaro,
K. Craig Kent,
Gregory L. Moneta,
William H. Pearce,
John J. Ricotta,
Henry Haimovici,
Enrico Ascher
Search for more papers by this authorL. H. Hollier
Search for more papers by this authorD. Eugene Strandness
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan B. Towne
Search for more papers by this authorKeith Calligaro
Search for more papers by this authorK. Craig Kent
Search for more papers by this authorGregory L. Moneta
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam H. Pearce
Search for more papers by this authorJohn J. Ricotta
Search for more papers by this authorHenry Haimovici
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains section titled:
-
Diagnosis
-
Arteriography
-
Imaging Alternatives
-
Hemodynamic Assessment of Multilevel Disease
-
Indications for Operation
-
Surgical Treatment
-
Direct Operative Procedures
-
The Operative Procedure
-
Special Considerations
-
Results of Direct Aortoiliofemoral Reconstruction
-
Postoperative Complications
-
Conclusions
References
- DeBakey ME, Lawrie GM, Glaeser DH. Patterns of atherosclerosis and their surgical significance. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 115.
- Leriche RR, Morel A. The syndrome of thrombotic obliteration of the aortic bifurcation. Ann Surg 1948; 127: 193.
- Dos Santos JC. Sur la desobstruction des thromboses arterielles anciennes. Mem Acad Chir 1947; 73: 409.
- Wylie EJ. Thromboendarterectomy for arteriosclerotic thrombosis of major arteries. Surgery 1952; 4 339.
- Gross RE, Hurwitt ES, et al. Preliminary observations on the use of human artificial grafts in the treatment of certain cardiovascular defects. N Engl J Med 1948; 239: 578.
- Oudot J. La greffe vasculaire dans les thromboses do carrefour aortique. Presse Med 1951; 59: 234.
- Julian OD, Dye WS Jr, et al. Direct surgery of arteriosclerosis. Ann Surg 1952; 136: 459.
- DeBakey ME, Creech O Jr, Cooley DA. Occlusive disease of the aorta and its treatment by resection and homograft replacement. Ann Surg 1954; 140: 290.
- Voorhees AB Jr, Jaretzki A III, Blakemore AH. Use of tubes constructed from Vinvon “N” cloth in bridging arterial defects: preliminary report. Ann Surg 1952; 135: 332.
- Edwards SW, Lyons C. Three years experience with peripheral arterial grafts of crimped nylon and teflon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1958; 107: 62.
- DeBakey ME, Cooley DA, et al. Clinical application of a new flexible knitted Dacron arterial substitute. Am Surg 1958; 24: 862.
- Brewster DC, Darling RC. Optimal methods of aortoiliac reconstruction. Surgery 1978; 84: 739.
- Brewster DC. Clinical and anatomic considerations for surgery in aortoiliac disease and results of surgical treatment. Circulation 1991; 83 (Suppl 1): 42.
- Darling RC, Brewster DC, et al. Aortoiliac reconstruction. Surg Clin North Am 1979; 59: 565.
- Cronenwett JL, Davis JT, Jr, et al. Aortoiliac occlusive disease in women. Surgery 1980; 88: 775.
- DeLaurentis DA, Friedmann P, et al. Atherosclerosis and the hypoplastic aortoiliac system. Surgery 1978; 83: 27.
- Staple TW. The solitary aotroiliac lesion. Surgery 1968; 64: 569.
- Greenhalgh TM. Small aorta syndrome. In: JJ Bergan, JST Yao, eds. Surgery of the aorta and its body branches. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1979: 183–190.
- Moore WS, Cafferata HT, et al. In defense of grafts across the inguinal ligament. Ann Surg 1968; 168: 207.
- Morersky DJ, Sumner DS, Strandness DL. Long-term results of reconstructive aortoiliac surgery. Am J Surg 1972; 123: 503.
- Malone JM, Moore WS, Goldstone J. Life expectancy following aortofemoral arterial grafting. Surgery 1977; 81: 551.
- Brewster DC, Waltman AC, et al. Femoral artery pressure measurement during aortography. Circulation 1979: 60 (Suppl 1): 120.
- Sobinsky KR, Borozan PG, et al. Is femoral pulse palpation accurate in assessing the hemodynamic significance of aortoiliac occlusive disease? Am J Surg 1984; 148: 214.
- Brewster DC, Perler BA, et al. Aortofemoral graft for multilevel occlusive disease: predictors of success and need for distal bypass. Arch Surg 1982; 117: 1593.
- Kempczinski RF. Lower extremity arterial emboli from ulcerating atherosclerotic plaques. JAMA 1979; 241: 807.
- Karmody AM, Powers FR, et al. “Blue toe” syndrome: an indication for limb salvage surgery. Arch Surg 1976; 111: 1263.
- Kempczinski RF. Clinical application of noninvasive testing in extremity arterial insufficiency. In: R F Kempczinski, JST Yao, eds. Practical noninvasive vascular diagnosis. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982: 343–365.
- Goodreau JJ, Creasy JK, et al. Rational approach to the differentiation of vascular and neurogenic claudication. Surgery 1978; 84: 749.
- Raines JK, Darling RC, et al. Vascular laboratory criteria for the management of peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities. Surgery 1976: 79: 21.
- Kohler TR, Nance DR, et al. Duplex scanning for diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease: a prospective study. Circulation 1987; 76: 1074.
- Ernst CB. Prevention of intestinal ischemia following abdominal aortic reconstruction. Surgery 1983; 93: 102.
- Cambria RP, Kaufman JA, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography in the management of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease: a prospective study. J Vasc Surg 1997; 25: 30.
- Raptopoulos V, Rosen MP, et al. Sequential helical CT angiography of aortoiliac disease. Am J Roentgenol 1996; 166: 1347.
- Rutherford RB, Lowenstein DH, Klein MF. Combining segmental systolic pressures and plethysmography to diagnose arterial occlusive disease of the legs. Am J Surg 1979; 138: 211.
- Thiele BL, Bandyk DF, et al. A systematic approach to the assessment of aortoiliac disease. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 477.
- Slot HB, Strijbosch L, Greep JM. Interobserver variability in single plane aortography. Surgery 1981; 90: 497.
- Flanigan DP, Tullis JP, Streeter VL. Multiple subcritical arterial stenosis: effect on poststenotic pressure and flow. Ann Surgl 977; 186: 663.
- Moore WS, Hall AD. Unrecognized aortoiliac stenosis: a physiologic approach to the diagnosis. Arch Surg 1971; 103: 633.
- Brener BJ, Raines JK, et al. Measurement of systolic femoral artery pressure during reactive hyperemia: an estimate of aortoiliac disease. Circulation 1974;49, 50 (Suppl 2): 259.
- Flanigan DP, Williams LR, et al. Hemodynamic evaluation of the aortoiliac system based on pharmacologic vasodilatation. Surgery 1983; 93: 709.
- Kitka MJ, Flanigan DR, et al. Long-term followup of patients having infrainguinal bypass performed below stenotic but hemodynamically normal aortoiliac vessels. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 319.
- Flanigan DP, Ryan TJ, et al. Aortofemoral or femoropopliteal revascularization? A prospective evaluation of the papaverine test. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 215.
- Verhagen PF, Van Vroonhaven TJMV. Criteria from intraarterial femoral pressure measurements combined with reactive hyperemia to assess the aortoiliac segment: a prospective study. Br J Surg 1984; 71: 706.
- Porter JM, Cutler BS, et al. Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J 1982; 104: 66.
- Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Meissner MH, et al. Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication: results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Circulation 1998; 98: 678.
- Johnston KW, Rae M, et al. Five-year results of a prospective study of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 403.
- Morin JY, Johnston KW, et al. Factors that determine the long-term results of percutaneous transluminal dilatation for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1986; 4: 68.
- Johnston KW, Colapinto RI, Baird RJ. Transluminal dilation: an alternative? Arch Surg 1982; 117: 1604.
- Brewster DC. Current controversies in the management of aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1997; 25: 365.
- Brewster DC, Edwards JP. Cardiopulmonary complications related to vascular surgery. In: VM Bernhard, JB To wne, eds. Complications in Vascular Surgery. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1991: 23–41.
- Hertzer NR, Beven EG, et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients: a classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 223.
- Boucher CA, Brewster DC, et al. Determination of cardiac risk by dipyridamole-thallium imaging before peripheral vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 389.
- Brewster DC, Boucher CA, et al. Selection of patients for preoperative coronary angiography: use of dipyridamole-stress thallium myocardial imaging. J Vasc Surg 1985; 2: 504.
- Cutler BS, Leppo JA. Dipyridamole-thallium 201 scintigraphy to detect coronary artery disease before abdominal aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 91.
- Eagle KA, Coley CM, et al. Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 859.
- Golden MA, Whittemore AD, et al. Selective evaluation and management of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a 16-year experience. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 415.
- Cambria RR, Brewster DC, et al. The impact of selective use of dipyridamole-thallium scans and surgical factors on the current morbidity of aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15: 43.
- Hollier LH. Cardiac evaluation in patients with vascular disease -overview: a practical approach. J Vasc Surg 1992; 15: 726.
- Ehrenfeld WK, Wieber BC, et al. Autogenous tissue reconstruction in the management of infected prosthetic grafts. Surgery 1979; 85: 82.
- Inahara T. Evaluation of endarterectomy for aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral occlusive disease. Arch Surg 1975; 110: 1458.
- van der Akker PJ, van Schilfgaarde R, et al. Long-term results of prosthetic and non-prosthetic reconstruction for obstructive aortoiliac disease. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992; 6: 53.
- Perdue GD, Long WD, Smith RB III. Perspective concerning aortofemoral arterial reconstruction. Ann Surg 1971, 173: 940.
- Crawford ES, Manning LG, Kelly TE. “Redo” surgery after operations for aneurysm and occlusion of the abdominal aorta. Surgery 1977; 81: 41.
- Malone JM, Moore WS, Goldstone J. The natural history of bilateral aortofemoral bypass grafts for ischemia of the lower extremities. Arch Surg 1975; 110: 1300.
- Crawford ES, Bomberger RA, et al. Aortoiliac occlusive disease: factors influencing survival and function following reconstructive operation over a twenty-five year period. Surgery 1981; 90: 1555.
- Szilagyi DE, Elliott JP Jr, et al. A thirty-year survey of the reconstructive surgical treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 421.
- Nevelsteen A, Wouters L, Suy R. Aortofemoral Dacron reconstruction for aortoiliac occlusive disease: a 25-year survey. Eur J Vasc Surg 1991; 5: 179.
- Mulcare RJ, Royster TS, et al. Long-term results of operative therapy for aortoiliac disease. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 601.
- Pierce GE, Turrentine M, et al. Evaluation of end-to-side v . end-to-end proximal anastomosis in aortobifemoral bypass. Arch Surg 1982; 117: 1580.
- Dunn DA, Downs AR, Lye CR. Aortoiliac reconstruction for occlusive disease: comparison of end-to-end and end-to-side proximal anastomoses. Can J Surg 1982; 25: 382.
- Rutherford RB, Jones DN, et al. Serial hemodynamic assessment of aortobifemoral bypass. J Vasc Surg 1986; 4: 428.
- Ameli FM, Stein M, et al. End-to-end versus end-to-side proximal anastomosis in aortobifemoral bypass surgery: Does it matter? Can Soc Vasc Surg 1991; 34: 243.
- Melliere D, Labastie J, et al. Proximal anastomosis in aortobifemoral bypass: end-to-end or end-to-side. J Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 31: 77.
- Queral LA, Whitehouse WM Jr, et al. Pelvic hemodynamics after aortoiliac reconstruction. Surgery 1979; 86: 799.
- Flanigan DP, Schuler JJ, et al. Elimination of iatrogenic impotence and improvement of sexual function after aortoiliac revascularization. Arch Surg 1982; 117: 544.
- Picone AL, Green RM, et al. Spinal cord ischemia following operations on the abdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 94.
- Gloviczki P, Cross SA, et al. Ischemic injury to the spinal cord or lumbosacral plexus after aortoiliac reconstruction. Am J Surg 1991; 162: 131.
- Baird RJ, Feldman P, et al. Subsequent downstream repair after aorta-iliac, and aorta-femoral bypass operations. Surgery 1977; 82: 785.
- Morris GC, Edwards W, et al. Surgical importance of profunda femoris artery: analysis of 102 cases with combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease treated by revascularization of deep femoral artery. Arch Surg 1961; 82: 32.
- Bernhard VM, Ray LI, Militello JP. The role of angioplasty of the profunda femoris artery in revascularization of the ischemic limb. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 142: 840.
- Berguer R, Higgins RE, Colton LT. Geometry, blood flow, and reconstruction of the deep femoral artery; Am J Surg 1975; 130: 68.
- Robbs JV, Wylie EJ. Factors contributing to recurrent limb ischemia following bypass surgery for aortoiliac occlusive disease, and their management. Arch Surg 1981; 193: 346.
- Sanders RJ, Kempczinksi RF, et al. The significance of graft diameter. Surgery 1980; 88: 856.
- Nunn DB, Carter MM, et al. Postoperative dilation of knitted Dacron aortic bifurcation graft. J Vasc Surg 1990; 12: 291.
- Burke PM, Herrmann JB, Cutler BS. Optimal grafting methods for the small abdominal aorta. J Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 28: 420.
- Cintora I, Pearce DE, Cannon JA. A clinical survey of aortobifemoral bypass using two inherently different graft types. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 625.
- Kaiser AB, Clayson KR, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery. Ann Surg 1978; 188: 283.
- Pitt HA, Postier RG, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery. Ann Surg 1980; 192: 356.
- Hasselgren PO, Ivarsson L, et al. Effects of prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 86.
- O'Hara PJ, Brewster DC, et al. The value of intraoperative monitoring using the pulse volume recorder during peripheral vascular surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981; 152: 275.
- DePalma RG, Levine SB, Feldman S. Preservation of erectile function after aortoiliac reconstruction. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 958.
- Barnes RW, Baker WH, et al. Value of concomitant sympathectomy in aortoiliac reconstruction: results of a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 1977; 112: 1325.
- Satiani B, Liapis CD, et al. Prospective randomized study of concomitant lumbar sympathectomy in aortoiliac reconstruction. Am J Surg 1982; 143: 755.
- Imparato AM. Lumbar sympathectomy: role in the treatment of occlusive arterial disease in the lower extremities. Surg Clin North Am 1979; 59: 719.
- Rutherford RB. The current role of sympathectomy in the management of infrarenal aortic occlusion. Semin Vasc Surg 1991; 4: 195.
- Corson JD, Brewster DC, Darling RC. The surgical management of infrarenal aortic occlusion. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982; 155: 369.
- Liddicoat JE, Bekassy SM, et al. Complete occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta: management and results in 64 patients. Surgery 1975; 77: 467.
- Tapper SS, Jenkins JM, et al. Juxtarenal aortic occlusion. Ann Surg 1992; 215: 443.
- Starrett RW, Stoney RJ. Juxtarenal aortic occlusion. Surgery 1974; 76: 890.
- McCullough JL, Mackey WC, et al. Infrarenal aortic occlusion: a reassessment of surgical indications. Am J Surg 1983; 146: 178.
- Reilly LM, Sauer L, et al. Infrarenal aortic occlusion: Does it threaten renal perfusion or function? J Vasc Surg 1990; 11: 216.
- Sumner DS, Strandness DE Jr. Aortoiliac reconstruction in patients with combined iliac and superficial femoral arterial occlusion. Surgery 1978; 84: 348.
- Martinez BD, Hertzer NR, Beven EG. Influence of distal arterial occlusive disease on prognosis following aortobifemoral bypass. Surgery 1980; 88: 795.
- Hill DA, McGrath MA, et al. The effect of superficial femoral artery occlusion on the outcome of aortofemoral bypass for intermittent claudication. Surgery 1980; 87: 133.
- Galland RB, Hill DA, et al. The functional result of aortoiliac reconstruction. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 344.
- O'Donnell TF Jr, Lahey SJ, et al. A prospective study of Doppler pressures and segmental plethysmography before and following aortofemoral bypass. Surgery 1979; 86: 120.
- Jones AF, Kempczinski RF. Aortofemoral bypass grafting: a reappraisal. Arch Surg 1981; 116: 301.
- Brewster DC, Veith FJ. Combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease. In FJ Veith, RW Hobson, et al., eds. Vascular surgery: principles and pratice, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill 1994: 459: 472.
- Dalman RL, Taylor LM Jr, et al. Simultaneous operative repair of multilevel lower extremity occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 1991; 13: 211.
- Eidt J, Charlesworth D. Combined aortobifemoral and femoropopliteal bypass in the management of patients with extensive atherosclerosis. Ann Vasc Surg 1986; 1: 453.
- Harris PL, Cave Bigley OJ, McSweeney L. Aortofemoral bypass and the role of concomitant femorodistal reconstruction. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 317.
- O'Donnell TF Jr, McBride KA, et al. Management of combined segment disease. Am J Surg 1981; 141: 452.
- Garrett WV, Slaymaker EE, et al. lntraoperative prediction of symptomatic result of aortofemoral bypass from changes in ankle pressure index. Surgery 1977; 82: 504.
- Levinson SA, Levinson HJ, et al. Limited indications for unilateral aortofemoral or iliofemoral vascular grafts. Arch Surg 1973; 107: 791.
- Kram HB, Gupta SK, et al. Unilateral aortofemoral bypass: a safe and effective option for the treatment of unilateral limb-threatening ischemia. Am J Surg 1991; 162: 155.
- van den Dungen JJAM, Boontje AH, Kropveld A. Uniateral iliofemoral occlusive disease: long-term results of the semiclosed endarterectomy with the ringstripper. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 673.
- Piotrowski JJ, Pearce WH, et al. Aortobifemoral bypass: the operation of choice for unilateral iliac occlusion? J Vasc Surg 1988; 8: 211.
- Dick LS, Brief DK, et al. A twelve-year experience with femorofemoral crossover grafts. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 1359.
- Kalman PG, Hosang M, et al. The current role for femorofemoral bypass. J Vasc Surg 1987; 6: 71.
- Couch NP, Clowes AW, et al. The iliac-origin arterial graft: a useful alternative for iliac occlusive disease. Surgery 1985; 97: 83.
- Kalman PG, Hosang M, et al. Unilateral iliac disease: the role of iliofemoral graft. J Vasc Surg 1987; 6: 139.
- Darling RC III, Leather RP, et al. Is the iliac artery a suitable inflow conduit for iliofemoral occlusive disease: an analysis of 514 aortoiliac reconstructions. J Vasc Surg 1993; 17: 15–22.
- Perler BA, Burdick JF, Williams M. Femorofemoral or iliofemoral bypass for unilateral inflow reconstruction? Am J Surg 1991; 161: 426.
- Ricco J-B. Unilateral iliac artery occlusive disease: a randomized multicenter trial examining direct revascularization versus crossover bypass. Ann Vasc Surg 1992, 6: 209.
- Taylor LM Jr, Freimanis IE, et al. Extraperitoneal iliac endarterectomy in the treatment of multilevel lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. Am J Surg 1986; 152: 34.
- Brewster DC, Cambria RP, et al. Long-term results of combined iliac balloon angioplasty and distal surgical revascularization. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 324.
- Dean RH, Keyser JE III, et al. Aortic and renal vascular disease: factors affecting the value of combined procedures. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 336.
- Tollefson DFJ, Ernst CB. Natural history of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis associated with aortic disease. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 327.
- Perry MO, Silane MF. Management of renovascular problems during aortic operations. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 681.
- Connolly JE, Kwaan JHM. Prophylactic revascularization of the gut. Ann Surg 1979; 190: 514.
- Tarazi RY, Hertzer NR, Beven EG. Simultaneous aortic reconstruction and renal revascularization: risk factors and late results in eighty-nine patients. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 707.
- Brewster DC, Buth J, et al. Combined aortic and renal artery reconstruction. Am J Surg 1976; 131: 457.
- Stewart MT, Smith RB III, et al. Concomitant renal revascularization in patients undergoing aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1985; 2: 400.
- Stoney RJ, Skioldebrand CG, et al. Juxtarenal aortic atherosclerosis: surgical experience and functional result. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 345.
- Moncure AC, Brewster DC, et al. Use of the splenic and hepatic arteries for renal revascularization. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 196.
- Brewster DC, Moncure, AC. Hepatic and splenic artery for renal revascularization. In: JJ Bergan, JST Yao, eds. Arterial surgery: new diagnostic and operative techniques. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1988: 389–405.
- Brewster DC. Complications of aortic and lower extremity procedures. In: DE Strandness, A Van Breda, eds. Vascular disease: surgical and interventional therapy. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994: 1151–1178.
- Brewster DC, Meier GH, et al. Reoperation for aortofemoral graft limb occlusion: optimal methods and long-term results. J Vasc Surg 1987; 5: 363.
- Imparato AM. Abdominal aortic surgery: prevention of lower limb ischemia. Surgery 1983; 93: 112.
- Starr DS, Lawrie GM, Morris GC Jr. Prevention of distal embolism during arterial reconstruction. Am J Surg 1979; 138: 764.
- Diehl IT, Cali RF, et al. Complications of abdominal aortic reconstruction: an analysis of perioperative risk factors in 557 patients. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 50.
- Castronuovo JJ, Flanigan DP. Renal failure complicating vascular surgery. In: VM Bernhard, JB Towne, eds. Complications in vascular surgery. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985: 258–274.
- Bush HL, Huse JB, et al. Prevention of renal insufficiency after abdominal aortic aneurysm resection by optimal volume loading. Arch Surg 1981; 116: 1517.
- Brewster DC, Franklin DP, et al. Intestinal ischemia complicating abdominal aortic surgery. Surgery 1991; 109: 447.
- Elliott JP, Szilagyi DE, et al. Spinal cord ischemia: secondary to surgery of the abdominal aorta. In: VM Bernhard, JB Towne, eds. Complications in vascular surgery. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985: 291–310.
- Brewster DC, Cooke JC. Longevity of aortofemoral bypass grafts. In: JST Yao, WH Pearce, eds. Long-term results in vascular surgery. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1993: 149–161.
- Nevelsteen A, Suy R. Graft occlusion following aortofemoral Dacron bypass. Ann Vasc Surg 1991; 5: 32.
- Baird RJ, Ropchan GV, et al. Ascending aorta to bifemoral bypass -a ventral aorta. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 405.
- Canepa CS, Schubart PJ, et al. Supraceliac aortofemoral bypass. Surgery 1987; 101: 323.
- McCarthy WJ, Rubin JR, et al. Descending thoracic aorta-to-femoral artery bypass. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 681.
- Rosenfeld JC, Savarese RP, DeLaurentis D. Distal thoracic aorta to femoral artery bypass: a surgical alternative. J Vasc Surg 1985; 2: 747.
- Bernhard VM, Ray LI, Towne JB. The reoperation of choice for aortofemoral graft occlusion. Surgery 1977; 82: 867.
- Brewster DC. Surgery of late aortic graft occlusion. In: JJ Bergan, JST Yao, eds. Surgery of the aorta. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1989: 519–538.
- Malone JM, Goldstone J, Moore WS. Autogenous pro-fundaplasty: the key to long-term patency in secondary repair of aortofemoral graft occlusion. Ann Surg 1978: 188: 817.
- Satiani B. False aneurysms following arterial reconstruction: collective review. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981; 152: 357.
- Szilagyi DE, Smith RF, et al. Anastomotic aneurysms after vascular reconstruction: problems of incidence, etiology, and treatment. Surgery 1975; 78: 800.
- Edwards JM, Teefey SA, et al. Intraabdominal paraanastomotic aneurysms after aortic bypass grafting. J Vasc Surg 1991; 15: 344.
- Flanigan DP, Sobinsky KR, et al. Internal iliac artery revascularization in the treatment of vasculogenic impotence. Arch Surg 1985: 120: 271.
- Kempczinski RF. Impotence following aortie surgery. In: VM Bernhard, JB Towne, eds. Complications in vascular surgery. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1991: 160–171.
- Bandyk DF. Aortic graft infection. Semin Vase Surg 1990; 3: 122.
- O'Hara PJ, Hertzer NR, et al. Surgical management of infected abdominal aortic grafts: review of a 25-year experience. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3: 725.
- Reilly LM, Lusky RJ, et al. Late results following surgical management of vascular graft infection. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 36.
- Quinones-Baldrich WJ, Hernandez JJ, Moore WS. Long-term results following surgical management of aortic graft infection. Arch Surg 1991; 126: 507.
- Yeager RA, Moneta GL, et al. Improving survival and limb salvage in patients with aortic graft infection. Am J Surg 1990; 159: 466.
- Schmitt DD, Seabrook GR, et al. Graft excision and extraanatomic revascularization: the treatment of choice for the septic aortic prosthesis. J Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 31: 327.
- Bernhard VM. Aortoenteric fistula. In: VM Bernhard, JB Towne, eds. Complications in vascular surgery. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985: 513–525.
- Connolly JE, Kwaan JHM, et al. Aortoenteric fistula. Ann Surg 1981; 194: 402.
- Perdue GD Jr, Smith RB III, et al. Impending aortoenteric hemorrhage: the effect of early recognition on improved outcome. Ann Surg 1980: 192: 237.
- Reilly LM, Ehrenfeld WK, et al. Gastrointestinal tract involvement by prosthetic graft infection: the significance of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 342.
