Chapter 15
Childhood Exotropia
Sarah Richardson,
Lawrence Gnanaraj,
Sarah Richardson
Search for more papers by this authorLawrence Gnanaraj
Search for more papers by this authorSarah Richardson,
Lawrence Gnanaraj,
Sarah Richardson
Search for more papers by this authorLawrence Gnanaraj
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Richard Wormald,
Liam Smeeth,
Katherine Henshaw,
Anupa Shah,
Richard Wormald
Consultant Ophthalmologist, Moorfields Eye Hospital, Honorary Senior Lecturer, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Coordinating Editor, Cochrane Eyes and Vision, Group, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorLiam Smeeth
Senior Lecturer in Clinical Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, General Practitioner, London and Editor, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorKatherine Henshaw
Review Group Coordinator, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAnupa Shah
Trial Search Coordinator, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 01 January 2005
Summary
This chapter contains section titled:
-
Background
-
Constant exotropia and infantile exotropia
-
The evidence
-
Intermittent exotropia
-
Near exotropia
-
Distance exotropia
-
Basic (non-specific) exotropia
-
Decompensated exophoria
-
Implications for practice
-
Implications for research
-
References
References
- Gregersen E. The polymorphous exo patient. Analysis of 231 consecutive cases. Acta Ophthalmol 1969; 47: 579.
- Nixon RB, Helveston EM, Miller M, Archer SM, Ellis FD. Incidence of strabismus in neonates. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 100: 798–801.
- Friedman Z, Neumann E, Hyams SW et at. Ophthalmic screening of 38,000 children, age 1 to 21/2 years, in child welfare clinics. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 1980; 17: 261.
- Graham PA. Epidemiology of strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 224–31.
-
Jenkins R.
Demographics: Geographic variations in the prevalence and management of exotropia.
Am Orthoptic J
1992;
42:
82.
10.1080/0065955X.1992.11981899 Google Scholar
- Cohen RL, Moore S. Primary dissociated vertical deviation. Am Orthoptic J 1980; 30: 107–8.
- Helveston EM. Dissociated vertical deviation: a clinical and laboratory study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1980; 78: 734–79.
- Biglan AW, Davis JS, Cheng KP et al. Infantile exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1996; 33: 79.
- Biedner B, Marcus M, David R et al. Congenital constant exotropia: surgical results in six patients. Binocular Vis Eye Muscle Surg O 1993; 8: 137.
- Rubin SE, Nelson LB, Wagner RS et al. Infantile exotropia in healthy children. Ophthalmic Surg 1988; 19: 792.
- Parks MM, Mitchell PR. Concomitant exodeviations. In: W EA Tasman Jaeger, eds. Clinical Ophthalmology, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996, p. 3.
- Von Noorden GK. Binocular vision and ocular motility: Theory and management of strabismus, 5th edn. St Louis: Mosby, 1996, p. 351.
- Scott AB, Magoon EH, McNeer KW et al. Botulinum treatment of childhood strabismus. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 1434.
- Burian HM. Exodeviations: their classification, diagnosis and treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 1966; 62: 1161.
- Ansons AM, Davis H. Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001, pp. 260–83.
- Plenty J. A new classification for intermittent exotropia. Br Orthoptic] 1988; 45: 19–22.
- Schlossman A, Boruchoff SA. Correlation between physiologic and clinical aspects of exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1955; 40: 53.
- Cooper EL, Leyman IA. The management of intermittent exotropia. A comparison of the results of surgical and non-surgical treatment. In: S J L Moore Mein Stockbridge, eds. Orthoptics Past, Present and Future. Transactions of 3rd International Orthoptic Congress. New York: Stratton Intercontinental, 1976, p. 563.
- Sanfilippo S, Clahane AC. The immediate and long-term results of Orthoptics in exo deviations. In: 1st International Congress of Orthoptists. St Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1968, p. 300.
- Knapp P. Divergent deviations. In: JH Allen, ed. Strabismic Ophthalmic Symposium II. St Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1958, p. 364.
- Kraft SP, Levin AV, Enzenauer RW. Unilateral surgery for exotropia with convergence weakness. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995; 32: 183.
- Snlr M, Axer-Siegel R, Shalev B et al. Slanted lateral rectus recession for exotropia with convergence weakness. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 992.
- Parks M. Sensorial adaptations in strabismus. In: TD Duane, ed. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1975, p. 67.
- Burian HM. Pathophysiology of exodeviations. In: DR Manley, ed. Symposium on horizontal ocular deviations. St Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1971, p. 119.
- von Noorden GK. Some aspects of exotropia. Presented at Wilmers Residents' Association, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, April 26 1966.
- Chutter CP. Occlusion treatment of intermittent divergent strabismus. Am Orthop J 1977; 27: 80.
- Caltrider N, Jamplosky A. Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for treatment of intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmology 1983; 90: 1160.
- Jampolsky A. Management of exodeviations. In: Strabismus. Symposium of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1962.
- Rosenbaum AL. Exodeviations. In: Current Concepts in Paediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1993, p. 41.
- Richard JM, Parks MM. Intermittent exotropia: surgical results in different age groups. Ophthalmology 1983; 90: 1172.
- Burian HM, Spivey BE. The surgical management of exodeviations. Am J Ophthalmol 1965; 59: 603.
- Pratt-Johnson JA, Barlow JM, Tillson G. Early treatment in intermittent exotropia. Am] Ophthalmol 1977; 84: 689–94.
- Baker JD, Schweers M, Petranuk J. Is earlier surgery a sensory benefit in the treatment of intermittent exotropia? In: G Lennerstrand, ed. Advances in Strabismology. Proceedings of 8th meeting of International Strabismological Association, Maastricht, Dept 10–12, 1988. Buren, The Netherlands: Aeolus Press, 1999, p. 289.
- von Noorden GK. Divergence excess and simulated divergence excess: diagnosis and surgical management. Ophthalmology 1969; 26: 719.
- Parks MM. Concomitant exodeviations. In: TD Duane, ed. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row, 1975, p. 113–22.
- Kushner BJ. Selective surgery for intermittent exotropia based on distance/near differences. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 324–8.
- Olitsky SE. Early and late postoperative alignment following unilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia. J Paediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1998; 35: 146.
- Hardesty HH, Boynton JR, Keenan JP. Treatment of intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 268.
- Dunlap EA. Overcorrections in horizontal strabismus surgery. In: Symposium on Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1971, p. 255.
- Scott WE, Mash AJ. The postoperative results and stability of exodeviations. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 1814.
