Epidemiology of Anticholinesterase Pesticide Poisoning in the United States
Anna M. Fan
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAnna M. Fan
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorTetsuo Satoh
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Japan
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
HAB Research Institute, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorRamesh C. Gupta
Toxicology Department, Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Background
-
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning
-
State and Federal Pesticide Exposure Surveillance Programs
-
Reports and Analysis of Pesticide Exposure Incidents
-
State Cholinesterase Monitoring Programs
-
Pest Eradication Programs
-
Occupational Exposure
-
Specific Cases
-
OPs: Toxicology, Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Public Health Impact
-
Conclusion and Discussion
-
References
References
- AAPCC (2002). American Association of Poison Control Centers. Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS): Instructions for the Required Definitions and Fields for TESS 2002. Washington, DC: American Association of Poison Control Centers, 2001: 1–125.
- Alarcon W.A., Calvert G.M., Blondell J.M., Mehler L.N., Sievert J., Propeck M., Tibbetts D.S., Becker A., Lackovic M., Soileau S.B., Das R., Beckman J., Male D.P., Thomsen C.L., Stanbury M. (2005). Acute illnesses associated with pesticide exposures at schools. JAMA 294: 455–565.
- Blondell J.M. (1997). Epidemiology of pesticide poisonings in the United States, with special reference to occupational cases. In: Human Health Effects of Pesticides. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 12: 209–220; Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Inc.
- Blondell J.M. (2007). Decline in pesticide poisonings in the United States from 1995 to 2004. Clinic Toxicol 45: 589–592.
- Bronstein A.C., Spyker D.A., Cantilena L.R., Green J.L., Rumack B.H., Heard S.E. (2008). 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology 46: 927–1057
- Book S.A., Jackson R.J., Fan A.M., DiBartolomeis M.J., Russell H. (1991). Health risk assessment of aerial application of malathion-bait. California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA.
-
Calvert G.M., Sanderson W.T., Barnett M., Blondell J.M., Mehler L.N. (2001). Surveillance of pesticide-related illness and injury in humans. In: Krieger R. (ed.) Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. 2nd edn, San Diego, CA: Academic Press; pp. 603–641.
10.1016/B978-012426260-7/50030-6 Google Scholar
- Calvert G.M., Mehler L.N., Rosales R., Baum L., Thomsen C., Male D., Shafey O., Das R., Lackovic M., Arvizu E. (2003). Acute pesticide-related illnesses among working youths, 1988–1999. Am J Public Health 93: 605–610.
- Calvert G.M., Plate D.K., Das R., Rosales R., Shafey O., Thomsen C., Male D., Beckman J., Arvizu E., Lackovic M. (2004). Acute occupational pesticide related-illness in the US, 1998–1999: Surveillance findings from the SENSOR-pesticides program. Am J Ind Med 45: 14–23.
- Calvert G.M., Barnett M., Mehler L.N., Becker A., Das R., Beckman J., Male D., Sievert J., Thomsen C., Morrissey B. (2006). Acute pesticide-related illness among emergency responders, 1993–2002. Am J Ind Med 49: 383–393.
- Calvert G.M., Karnik J., Mehler L., Beckman J., Morrissey B., Sievert J., Barrett R., Lackovic M., Mabee L., Schwartz A., Mitchell Y., Moraga-McHaley S. (2008). Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States, 1998–2005. Am J Ind Med 883–898. Available at http:// www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/ajim2008.html
- Calvert G.M., Petersen A.M., Sievert J., Ball C., Mehler L.N., Das R., Harter L.C., Romoli C., Becker A., Ball C., Male D., Schwartz A., Lackovic M. (2007). Acute pesticide poisoning in the US retail industry, 1998–2004. Public Health Rep 122: 232–244.
- CDC (2005). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. SENSOR — Pesticide Illness and Injury Surveillance. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/.
- CFR (2004). Code of Federal Regulations. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Section 20(c). Available at http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/regulating/fifra.pdf).
- CFR (2005). U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Code of Federal Regulations: Title 40 — Protection of Environment: Chapter I — Environmental Protection Agency: Part 156 — Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices. Available at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_ 03/40cfr156_03.html.
- Chafee-Bahamon C., Caplan D.L., Lovejoy F.H. (1983). Patterns in hospitals' use of a regional poison information center. Am J Public Health 73: 396–400.
- Costa L.G. (2008). Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Klaassen C.D. (ed.) Casarett & Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 7th edn, San Francisco: McGraw-Hill; pp. 883–930.
- Das R., Steege A., Baron S., Beckman J., Harrison R. (2001). Pesticide-related illness among migrant farm workers in the United States. Int J Occup Environ Health 7: 303–312.
- Ecobichon D.J. (2001). Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Klaassen C.D. (ed.) Casarett & Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th edn. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill; pp. 763–810.
- Furman J. (2008). Cholinesterase Monitoring of Pesticide Handlers in Agriculture: 2008 Draft Report. Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), DOSH Technical Services. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries.
-
Gupta R.C. (2006). Classification and uses of organophosphates and carbamates. In: Gupta R.C. (ed.) Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier; pp. 5–24.
10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50003-X Google Scholar
- Harchelroad F., Clark R.F., Dean B. et al. (1990). Treated vs. reported toxic exposures: discrepancies between a poison control center and a member hospital. Vet Hum Toxicol 32: 156–159.
- Kahn E., Jackson R.J., Lyman D.O., Stratton J.W. (1990). A crisis of community anxiety and mistrust: the Medfly eradication project in Santa Clara County, California, 1981–82. Am J Public Health 80: 1301–1304.
- Kahn E., Berlin M., Deane M., Jackson R.J., Stratton J.W. (1992). Assessment of acute health effects from the Medfly Eradication Project in Santa Clara County, California. Arch Environ Health 47: 279–284.
- Katz K.D. and Brooks D.E. (2010a). Toxicity, Organophosphate. http:/emedicine.medscape.com.
- Katz K.D. and Brooks D.E. (2010b). Toxicity, Organophosphate: Differential Diagnoses & Workup. http:/emedicine.medscape. com.
- Kreutzer R., Harmon L., Hoshiko S. (1996). Citizen illness reports following February–May 1994 aerial malathion applications in Corona and Norco, Riverside County, California. California Department of Health Services, Emeryville, CA.
- MMWR (1984). Organophosphate insecticide poisoning among siblings — Mississippi. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33(42): 592–594.
- MMWR (1999a). Surveillance for acute pesticide-related illness during the Medfly eradication program — Florida, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48(44): 1015–1018, 1027; JAMA (1999) 282: 2204–2206.
- MMWR (1999b). Illnesses Associated with Occupational Use of Flea-Control Products — California, Texas, and Washington, 1989–1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48: 443–447.
- MMWR (2001). Nosocomial Poisoning Associated With Emergency Department Treatment of Organophosphate Toxicity — Georgia. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49: 1156–1158; JAMA (2001) 285: 527–528.
- MMWR (2003). Surveillance for Acute Insecticide-Related Illness Associated with Mosquito-Control Efforts — Nine States, 1999–2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(27): 629–634.
- Morrissey B.F., Harter L.C., Cropley J.M., Burgess J.L. (2004). Residential phaseout of chlorpyrifos and diazinon: reductions in reported human exposure cases in Washington State. Clinic Toxicol 42: 713–826.
- NEETF (2002). Implementation Plan. National Strategies for Health Care Providers: Pesticides Initiative. The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. Cooperative Agreement between the Office of Pesticide Programs of the US Environmental Protection Agency and The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. Available at http:// www.neefusa.org/pdf/ImplementationPlandocument.pdf
- NPDS (2009). National Poison Data System. Available at http:// www.aapcc.org/dnn/NPDS/tabid/65/Default.aspx
- NPIC (2009). National Pesticide Information Center. Available at http://npic.orst.edu
- Reigart J.R., Roberts J.R. (1999). Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th edn. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
- Rubin C., Esteban E., Kieszak S., Hill R.H. Jr., Dunlop B., Yacovac R., Trottier J., Boylan K., Tomasewski T., Pearce K. (2002). Assessment of human exposure and human health effects after indoor aplication of methyl parathion in Lorain County, Ohio, 1995–1996. Environ Health Perspect 110 (suppl 6): 1047–1051.
- Ruckart P.Z., Kakolewski K., Bove F.J., Kaye W.E. (2004). Long-term neurobehavioral health effects of methyl parathion exposure in children in Mississippi and Ohio. Environ Health Perspect 112: 46–51.
- Savage E.P., Keefe T.J., Mounce L.M., Heaton R.K., Lewis J.A., Burcar P.J. (1988). Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Arch Environ Health 43(1): 38–45.
- Schexnayder S., James L.P., Kearns G.L., Farrar H.C. (1998). The pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion pralidoxime in children with organophosphate poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36: 549–555.
- Steenland K., Jenkins B., Ames R.G., O'Malley M., Chrislip D., Russo J. (1994). Chronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Am J Public Health 84(5): 731–736.
- Stephens R., Spurgeon A., Calvert I.A., Beach J., Levy L.S., Berry H., Harrington J.M. (1995). Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to organophosphates in sheep dip. Lancet 345: 1135–1139.
- Stevens J.T., Breckenridge C.B. (2001). Crop protection chemicals. In: Hayes W. (ed.) Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis; pp. 565–648.
- Stokes L., Stark A., Marshall E., Narang A. (1995). Neurotoxicity among pesticide applicators exposed to organophosphates. Occup Environ Med 52(10): 648–653.
- Stone D.L., Sudakin J., Jenkins J.J. (2009). Longitudinal trends in organophosphate incidents reported to the National Pesticide Information Center, 1995–2007. National Pesticide Information Center, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. Environmental Health 8: 18–25.
- Sudakin D.L., Power L.E. (2007). Organophosphate exposures in the United States: a longitudinal analysis of incidents reported to poison centers. J Toxicol Environ Health 70: 141–147.
- Thundiyil J.G., Stober J., Besbelli N., Pronczuk J. (2008). Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86: 205–209. Available at http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/3/07-041814/en/ index.html#R17
- U.S. EPA and CDC (undated). Joint statement on mosquito control in the United States from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/factsheets/mosquitojoint.htm
- U.S. EPA (2000). United States Environmental Protection Agency: Chlorpyrifos Revised Risk Assessment and Agreement with Registrants. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/ chlorpyrifos/agreement.pdf
- U.S. EPA (2001). United States Environmental Protection Agency: Diazinon Revised Risk Assessment and Agreement with Registrants. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/ diazinon/agreement.pdf
- U.S. EPA (2002). United States Environmental Protection Agency Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Chlorpyrifos. EPA 738-R-01-007. Available at http://www. epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/chlorpyrifos_ired.pdf
- U.S. EPA (2004). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Diazinon. EPA 738-R-04-006. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/ REDs/diazinon_ired.pdf
- U.S. EPA (2006a). www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative and in the docket (EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0618). Available at http:// www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/2006-op/op_cra_main. pdf
- U.S. EPA (2006b). Finalization of Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (IREDs) and Interim Tolerance Reassessment and Risk Management Decisions (TREDs) for the Organ-ophosphate Pesticides, and Completion of the Tolerance Reassessment and Reregistration Eligibility Process for the Organophosphate Pesticides. Memorandum from D. Edwards, Director Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs to J. Jones, Director Office of Pesticide Programs. July 31, 2006.
- Veltri J.C., McElwee N.E., Schumacher M.C. Interpretation and uses of data collected in poison control centers in the United States (1987). Med Toxicol 2: 389–397.
- Watson W.A., Litovitz T.L., Klein-Schwartz W., Rodgers G.C. Jr., Youniss J., Reid N., Rouse W.G., Rembert R.S., Borys D. (2004). 2004 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med. 22(5): 335–404.
- WHO (2004). The impact of pesticides on health: preventing intentional and unintentional deaths from pesticide poisoning. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who. int/ mental_health/prevention/suicide/en/PesticidesHealth2.pdf
- Zwiener C.M., Ginsburg G.M. (1988). Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children. Pediatrics 81: 121–126.