Chapter 6
Medicinal Chocolate in New Spain, Western Europe, and North America
Louis Evan Grivetti,
Louis Evan Grivetti
Professor Emeritos
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLouis Evan Grivetti,
Louis Evan Grivetti
Professor Emeritos
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Louis Evan Grivetti,
Howard-Yana Shapiro,
Louis Evan Grivetti
Professor Emeritos
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHoward-Yana Shapiro
Director of Plant Science
Mars, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia, USA
University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Medicinal Chocolate: Indigenous and Early New World Accounts
-
Chocolate and Medicine in North America: A Sampling of Themes
-
Conclusion
-
Acknowledgments
-
Endnotes
-
References
References
- Bennett, A., Keen, C. L., and Shapiro, H.-Y. Theobroma cacao. In: Biology, Chemistry, and Human Health. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Interscience, 2008.
- Dillinger, T. L., Barriga, P., Escarcega, S., Jimenez, M., Salazar Lowe, D., and Grivetti, L. E. Food of the gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate. Journal of Nutrition 2000; 130 (Supplement): 2057S–2072S.
- Grivetti, L. E. From aphrodisiac to health food; a cultural history of chocolate. In: Karger Gazette, Issue 68 (Chocolate). Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger, 2005.
- De la Cruz, M. (1552) The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini, Latin 241) Vatican Library; an Aztec Herbal of 1552. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1940.
- Sahagún, B. (1590) Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico.
- De la Cruz, M. (1552) The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini, Latin 241) Vatican Library; an Aztec Herbal of 1552. Plate 70, 1940.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: pp. 119–120.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: pp. 119–120.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: p. 170.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: p. 176.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: p. 12.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: p. 178.
- Sahagún, B. (1590). Florentine Codex. In: General History of the Things of New Spain. Santa Fe, NM: The School of American Research, 1981; and the University of Utah Monographs of the School of American Research and The Museum of New Mexico. Part 12: p. 189.
- Roys, R. L. Ritual of the Bacabs. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965; pp. 35–37.
- Torres, E. M. La Relaciön Fraile-Indígena en Méxiso a Través de las Plantas. Tres Ejemplos: el Tabaco, el Cacao y las Nopaleras. In: Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedictatorum, Romae. Archivum Fratrum Praedictorum, Volume 61. Rome, Italy: Instituto Storico Domenicano, 1997; p. 244.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 304.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 304.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 305.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 305.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 305.
-
Grivetti, L. E. Nutrition past—nutrition today. Prescientific origins of nutrition and dietetics. Part 1. Legacy of India. Nutrition Today 1991; 26(1): 13–24.
10.1097/00017285-199101000-00004 Google Scholar
-
Grivetti, L. E. Nutrition past—nutrition today. Prescientific origins of nutrition and dietetics. Part 2. Legacy of the Mediterranean. Nutrition Today 1991; 26(4): 18–29.
10.1097/00017285-199107000-00004 Google Scholar
-
Grivetti, L. E. Nutrition past—nutrition today. Prescientific origins of nutrition and dietetics. Part 3. Legacy of China. Nutrition Today 1991; 26(6): 6–17.
10.1097/00017285-199111000-00003 Google Scholar
-
Grivetti, L. E. Nutrition past—nutrition today. Prescientific origins of nutrition and dietetics. Part 4. Aztec patterns and Spanish legacy. Nutrition Today 1992; 27(3): 13–25.
10.1097/00017285-199205000-00004 Google Scholar
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 7, pp. 108f–108v.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 7, pp. 110f–112v.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 7, p. 112v.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 8, p. 115f.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 8, p. 117v.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 8, pp. 117v–118f.
- Cárdenas, Juan de. Problemas y Secretos Maravillosos de las Indias. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1591; Chapter 8. p. 117v.
- Acosta, J. de. The Naturall and Morall Historie of the East and West Indies. Intreating of the Remarkable Things of Heaven, of the Elements, Metals, Plants and Beasts. … London, England: Val. Sims for Edward Blount and William Aspley, 1604; p. 271.
- Valverde Turices, S. de. Un Discurso del Chocolate. Seville, Spain: J. Cabrera, 1624; pp. D1–2.
- Colmenero de Ledesma, A. Curioso Tratado de la Naturaleza y Calidad del Chocolate. Madrid, Spain: Francisco Martinez, 1631; p. A4.
- Hurtado, T. Chocolate y Tabaco Ayuno Eclesiastico y Natural: si este le Quebrante el Chocolate: y el Tabaco al Natural, para la Sagrada Comunion. Por Francisco Garcia, Impressor del Reyno. A Costa de Manuel Lopez. Madrid, Spain: Mercador de Libros, 1645; Volume 1, 1:1, 3:21.
- Hurtado, T. Chocolate y Tabaco Ayuno Eclesiastico y Natural: si este le Quebrante el Chocolate: y el Tabaco al Natural, para la Sagrada Comunion. Por Francisco Garcia, Impressor del Reyno. A Costa de Mauel Lopez. Madrid, Spain: Mercador de Libros, 1645; Volume 1, 2:13.
- Gage, T. The English American: His Travail by Sea; or a New Survey of the West Indies Containing a Journall [sic] of Three Thousand Three Hundred Miles within the Main Land of America. … London, England: R. Cotes, 1648; pp. 107–108.
- Gage, T. The English American: His Travail by Sea; or a New Survey of the West Indies Containing a Journall [sic] of Three Thousand Three Hundred Miles within the Main Land of America. … London, England: R. Cotes, 1648; p. 108.
- Gage, T. The English American: His Travail by Sea; or a New Survey of the West Indies Containing a Journall [sic] of Three Thousand Three Hundred Miles within the Main Land of America. … London, England: R. Cotes, 1648; p. 108.
- Gage, T. The English American: His Travail by Sea; or a New Survey of the West Indies Containing a Journall [sic] of Three Thousand Three Hundred Miles within the Main Land of America. … London, England: R. Cotes, 1648; p. 110.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 3.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 8.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 11.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 30.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 30.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 43.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 53–54.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 58–60.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 67.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 68–69.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 79.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 83–84.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 97–98.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; p. 98.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; p. 124.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; p. 143.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; p. 144.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; p. 145.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; p. 146.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; pp. 147–148.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; pp. 153–154.
- Dufour, P. S. The Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, with Their Vertues [sic]. London, England: William Crook, 1685; pp. 75–76.
- Dufour, P. S. The Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, with Their Vertues [sic]. London, England: William Crook, 1685; p. 77.
- Dufour, P. S. The Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, with Their Vertues [sic]. London, England: William Crook, 1685; p. 99.
- Dufour, P. S. The Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, with Their Vertues [sic]. London, England: William Crook, 1685; pp. 111–113.
- Dufour, P. S. The Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate as it is Used in Most Parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, with Their Vertues [sic]. London, England: William Crook, 1685; pp. 115–116.
- Blégny, N. Le Bon Useage du Thé, du Caffé, et du Chocolat pour la Préservation & pour la Guérison des Maladies. Paris, France: E. Michallet, 1687; pp. 282–285.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 44.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 45.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 46.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 46.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 48.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 50.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 51.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 56.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 58.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 59.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 73.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 76.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; pp. 76–77.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; pp. 77–78.
- de Quélus. The Natural History of Chocolate: Being a Distinct and Particular Account of the Cocoa-Tree … the Best Way of Making Chocolate is Explain'd; and Several Uncommon Medicines Drawn from It, Are Communicated. London, England: J. Roberts, 1730; p. 78.
- Linné (Linneaus), C. von. Om Chokladdryken. Stockholm, Sweden: Fabel, 1965.
- Stanhope, P. D. Letters Written by the Late Right Honourable PhilipDormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, to His Son, Philip Stanhope, Esq; Late Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Dresden. Edited by Eugenia Stanhope. New York: J. Rivington and H. Caine, 1775; Volume 3, pp. 81–82.
- Lardizabal, V. Memoria Sobre las utilidades de el Chocolate para Precaber las Incomodidades, que resultan del uso de las Aguas minerales, y promover sus buenos efectos, como los de los Purgantes, y otros remedios; y para curar diertas dolencias. Pamplona, Spain: Antonio Castilla, 1788; pp. 16–18.
- Buchan, A. P. Medicina Domestica ó Tratado de las Enfermadades Quirurgicas y Cirugia en General del Celebre Buchan M.d. del Real Colegio Medico de Edimburgo. Madrid, Spain: La Imprenta Real, 1792; p. 224.
- Lavedan, A. Tratado de Los Usos, Abusos, Propiendades y Virtudes del Tabaco, Café, Te y Chocolate. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real, 1796; Chapter V, p. 223.
- Lavedan, A. Tratado de Los Usos, Abusos, Propiendades y Virtudes del Tabaco, Café, Te y Chocolate. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real, 1796; Chapter V, pp. 221–237.
- Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1825?) The Physiology of Taste. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915; p. 95.
- Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1825?) The Physiology of Taste. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915; pp. 95–96.
- Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1825?) The Physiology of Taste. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915; p. 97.
- Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1825?) The Physiology of Taste. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915; p. 100.
- Graham, T. J. Medicina Moderna Casera. O Tratado Popular, en el que se ilustran el caracter, sintomas, causas, distincion, y plan curativo currecto, de todas las enfermedades incidentales al cuerpo humano. London, England: Juan Davy, 1828; p. 231.
- Graham, T. J. Medicina Moderna Casera. O Tratado Popular, en el que se ilustran el caracter, sintomas, causas, distincion, y plan curativo currecto, de todas las enfermedades incidentales al cuerpo humano. London, England: Juan Davy, 1828; pp. 412–413.
- Milne Edwards, X., and Vavasseur, P. Manual de Materia Medica ó de los Medicamentos, por los Doctores en Medicina, 2nd edition, Volume 2. Barcelona, Spain: R. R. M. Indar, 1835; pp. 339–340.
- General Archive of the Nation, Mexico City (AGN). Gobernacion. Legajos. Num. 165. Caja 250, Exped. 1, San Luis Potosi, 1836.
- Saint-Arroman, A. Coffee, Tea and Chocolate: Their Influence upon the Health, the Intellect, and the Moral Nature of Man. Philadelphia, PA: Townsend Ward, 1846; p. 84.
- Saint-Arroman, A. Coffee, Tea and Chocolate: Their Influence upon the Health, the Intellect, and the Moral Nature of Man. Philadelphia, PA: Townsend Ward, 1846; p. 85.
- Saint-Arroman, A. Coffee, Tea and Chocolate: Their Influence upon the Health, the Intellect, and the Moral Nature of Man. Philadelphia, PA: Townsend Ward, 1846; p. 86.
- Saint-Arroman, A. Coffee, Tea and Chocolate: Their Influence upon the Health, the Intellect, and the Moral Nature of Man. Philadelphia, PA: Townsend Ward, 1846; p. 87.
- Scientific American, Volume 4, No. 31, April 21, 1849.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; p. 58.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; p. 60.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; pp. 86–87.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; pp. 88–89.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; p. 90.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; p. 91.
- Debay, A. Les Influences du Chocolat du Thé et du Café sur l'Économie Humaine. Leur Analyse Chimique, leurs Falsifications, leur Role Important dans l'Alimentation. Ouvrage Faisant Suite a l'Hygiéne Alimentaire. Paris, France: Dentu, 1864; pp. 101–108.
- Pandés y Poblet, J. La Educacion de la Mujer. Segun los mas Ilustres Moralistas é Higienistas de Ambos Sexos, Volume 2. Barcelona, Spain: Jaime Seix y Compañia, 1878; pp. 187–188.
- Pandés y Poblet, J. La Educacion de la Mujer. Segun los mas Ilustres Moralistas é Higienistas de Ambos Sexos, Volume 2. Barcelona, Spain: Jaime Seix y Compañia, 1878; p. 191.
- Pandés y Poblet, J. La Educacion de la Mujer. Segun los mas Ilustres Moralistas é Higienistas de Ambos Sexos, Volume 2. Barcelona, Spain: Jaime Seix y Compañia, 1878; p. 192.
- Manual del Farmacéutico, 2nd edition. Mexico City, Mexico: No publisher given, 1881–1882; pp. 202–203.
- Manual del Farmacéutico, 2nd edition. Mexico City, Mexico: No publisher, 1881–1882; pp. 354–356.
- Reboles y Campos, G. Higiene Therapéutica. La Higiene Alimenticia. Madrid, Spain: Carlos Bailly-Bailliere, 1888; p. 183.
- Villanueva y Francesconi, M. El Medico y La Botica en Casa. Manual de Medicina Domestica. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta de Aguilar é Hijos, 1890; p. 329.
- Villanueva y Francesconi, M. El Medico y La Botica en Casa. Manual de Medicina Domestica. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta de AguilaréHijos}, 1890; p. 333.
- Villanueva y Francesconi, M. El Médico y la Botica en Casa: Manuyal de Medicina Domestica. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta de Aguilar e Hijos, 1897; p. 23.
- Ponce, J. M. La Medicina en el Hogar. Pequeno Tratado de Medicina Domestica. Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Católica, 1902; p. 91.
- Ponce, J. M. La Medicina en el Hogar. Pequeno Tratado de Medicina Domestica. Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Católica, 1902; p. 123.
- Bardina, J. Higiene Moderna. Manual Hispanoamericano. Madrid, Spain: Sociedad General de Publicaciones, 1905; p. 307.
- The Boston News-Letter. March 17, 1711, p. 2.
- Connecticut Courant. July 19, 1774, p. 2.
- The Pennsylvania Packet. January 17, 1777, no page.
- Vermont Gazette. November 7, 1785, p. 3.
- Vermont Gazette. February 11, 1788, p. 2.
- Mather, C. Manudictio ad ministerium. Directions for a Candidate of the Ministry. Wherein, First, a Right Foundation is Laid for His Future Improvement; and, then, Rules Are Offered for Such a Management of His Academical & Preparatory Studies; and Thereupon, for Such a Conduct After His Appearance in the World; as May Render Him a Skilful and Useful Minister of the Gospel. Boston, MA: Thomas Hancock, 1726; p. 132.
- Cadwalader, T. An Essay on the West-India Dry-Gripes; With the Methods of Preventing and Curing that Cruel Distemper. To Which is Added, an Extraordinary Case in Physick. Philadelphia, PA: Benjamin Franklin, 1745; p. 6.
- The Boston Gazette, or Weekly Journal. March 5, 1751, p. 1.
- Philomath, T. The Virginia Almanack [sic] for the Year of Our Lord God 1770 … Calculated According to Art, and Referred to the Horizon of 38 Degrees North Latitude, and a Meridian of Five Hours West from the City of London; Fitting Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, & c. Williamsburg, VA: Purdie and Dixon, 1769; p. 16.
- Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) (General Archive of the Nation), Mexico City. AGN. Colegios, Vol. 1, exp. 1, fs. 1–8, 1769, 12 fs. p. 4.
- AGN. Colegios, Vol. 1, exp. 1, fs. 1–8, 1769, 12fs. p. 9.
- AGN. Hospital de Jesús, Vol. 30, exp. 1, fs. 212f–221f.
- Medrano, F. A. Historia de los Hospitales Coloniales de Hispanoamérica. New York: Editorial Arenas, 1992; Vol. 3, Sec. 4, p. 201.
- AGN. Templos y Conventos, Vol. 31, exp. 5, fs. 145f.
- Hernández, F. Historia de las Plantas de la Neuva Espana. Mexico City, Mexico: Imprenta Universitaria, 1577; p. 304.
- Constituciones y Ordenanzas para el Régimen, y Gobierno del Hospital Real, y General de los Indios de esta Nueva España, mandadas guarder por S. M. en Real Cédula de 27 de octubre del año de 1776. Edición Facsimilar con Licencia del Superior Gobierno. Impresas en México, en la neuva Oficina Madrileña de D. Felipe de Zuñiga y Ontiveros, calle de la Palma, año 1778. Mexico City, Mexico: Rolston-Bain, 1982; p. 49.
- Historia de los Hospitales Coloniales de Hispanoamerica. Siglos XVI–XIX, Volume 2, p. 220.
- AGN. Hospitales, Vol. 67, exp. 3, fs. 87f–90v.
- AGN. Templos y Conventos, Vol. 23, exp. 17, fs. 138f–149f, Year 1784, manuscript page 140.
- AGN. Templos y Conventos, Vol. 23, exp. 17, fs. 138f–149f, Year 1784, manuscript page 140.
- AGN. Hospitales, Vol. 5, exp. 4, fs. 251f–253f.
- Salem Hospital. Rules for Regulating Salem Hospital. Salem, MA: Samuel and Ebenezer Hall, 1773; pp. 4–5.
- The Massachusetts Spy. February 27, 1772, p. 207.
- Letter: Philip Schuyler to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, written at Fort Ticonderoga, October 12, 1775. (American Archives, Series 4, Vol. 3, p. 1035).
- Schacker, R. 2001. Field Report: Dominican Republic. Typed ms.
- Escarcega, Sylvia. 2000. Field Report: Oaxaca, Mexico. Typed ms.
- Greishop, J., and Mendoza, T. 2001. Field Report: Madera, California. Typed ms.
- Thompson, J. E. S. Notes on the use of cacao in Middle America. Notes on Middle American Archaeology. Ethnology 1956; 128: 95–116.
- Morton, J. F. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1981.
- Aguilera, C. Flora y Fauna Mexicana. Mitologia y tradiciones. Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Everest Mexicana, 1985; p. 120.
- Hughes, W. The American Physitian [sic], or A Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs etc. Growing in the English Plantations in America … whereunto is Added a Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the Use of its Fruit; with All the Ways of Making of Chocolate. The Like Never Extant Before. London, England: J. C. for William Crook the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar, 1672; pp. 153–154.
- Stubbe, H. The Indian Nectar, or, a Discourse Concerning Chocolata [sic]: the Nature of the Cacao-Nut and the Other Ingredients of that Composition is Examined and Stated According to the Judgment and Experience of Indian and Spanish Writers. London, England: J. C. for Andrew Crook, 1662; pp. 58–60.
- Colmenero de Ledesma, A. Curioso Tratado de la Naturaleza y Calidad del Chocolate. Madrid, Spain: Francisco Martinez, 1631; p. A4.
- Dillinger, T. L., Barriga, P., Escarcega, S., Jimenez, M., Salazar Lowe, D., and Grivetti, L. E. Food of the gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate. Journal of Nutrition 2000; 130 (Supplement): 2057S–2072S.
- Coe, S. D., and Coe, M. D. The True History of Chocolate. London, England: Thames and Hudson, 1996.
- Young, A. The Chocolate Tree. A Natural History of Cacao. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1994.
- Montejo, V. 2000. Field Report: Guatemala. Typed ms.